Контрольное задание №3, вариант 4

выполнены упражнения согласно заданиям варианта, точный текст заданий ниже

1. Разделите существительные на исчисляемые и неисчисляемые и запишите в два столбика.

Book, cup, dust, flour, flower, happiness, knowledge, love, milk, meat, mountain, music, oil, piano, rain, river, snow, song, table, wall, computer, water, bread, pen, pan, apple, sand, juice, ball, cream, sofa, window, lamp, ice cream, wish.

2. Заполните пропуски в предложениях местоимениями many или much:

1. Plants cover … of the land with a thick carpet of green.

2. … types of evergreens are prized for their lumber.

3. … seeds have adaptations for external transport on animals.

4. Near the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, as in … other parts of the world, forests stand where once there were lakes.

5. Now … of this land has been turned to agricultural and industrial use.

6. … of the original forest acreage has been destroyed by human activities.

7. In … forests only selected trees are cut.

8. The Russian forests have received … emphasis in the debate on conservation of the biodiversity of boreal forests.

3. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов thatи those:

1. Give me that fruit.

2. Those plants grow only in this area.

3. Scientists think that many new medicines might be developed from plants.

4. Atropine, a medicine that is made from plants, has more than 50 uses.

5. The plant that atropine is derived from, belladonna, gets its name from its dilating affect.

6. In contrast to the evergreen rainforests of the tropics are those forests in tropical regions which experience a periodic dry season.

7. If plants are to be grouped or classified intelligently, it would seem desirable to arrange them so as to bring together those most closely related.

8. A problem posed by the small-tree forest is that its wood is less desirable for use as lumber than that from large trees.

9. Light seeds, like those of an elm, may be borne long distances by the wind.

10. Winds and animals import other kinds of seeds, including those of beech, oak, cherry, hickory and sugar maple.

11. Until 1630 it had been generally accepted that trees drew their nourishment from the soil in which they were rooted.

12. Only after many years of painstaking study researchers learnt that trees nourish themselves by means of a complex chain of chemical reactions and physical processes.

4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя имена прилагательные и наречия в необходимой степени сравнения:

1. The tropical rainforest is one of the (striking) types of vegetation in the world.

2. The deciduous forests of tropical Burma are the (good) example of the monsoon type.

3. The thorn forests of the tropics occur where the climate is somewhat (dry) than that of the savannah forest.

4. In ancient times women put the juice of belladonna in their eyes to make the pupils look (large) and to make themselves appear (beautiful).

5. These forests grow on the world's (poor) soils – the rocky sites left after the Ice Age.

5. Заменитемодальныеглаголыcan, may иmust эквивалентамиto be able to, to have to, to be to, should, to be allowed to:

1. Sphagnum moss can absorb up to seven times its volume in water.

2. Students may use the new equipment that was installed in the labor-atory of forest research.

3. The wide-spreading leaves of ferns can collect a large amount of light for photosynthesis.

4. The tree must become dormant to survive the winter cold.

5. Conifers can photosynthesize all year long, even when water, light, and heat are at low levels.

6. People must think about the ways of preventing pollution if they want to live in a healthy environment.

7. Seeds can survive long periods of dormacy and still germinate and grow normally when conditions are favourable.

8. There is a danger of forest fires now. May people enter this forest?

9. Animals can not create food as green plants do.

10. Scientists must not forget that some plants used in folk medicine help against even fatal illnesses.

6. Раскройте скобки, образуя причастия прошедшего времени. Переведите полученные предложения:

Образец: The function of the phloem cells is to conduct nutrients (to manufacture) in the leaves down to the roots. − The function of the phloem cells is to conduct nutrients manufactured in the leaves down to the roots.

1. Food (to make) in the leaves travels through the phloem to the other parts of the tree.

2. Sturdy, prolific and well (to adapt) to a variety of climatic conditions, conifers are one of the most abundant types of tree on earth.

3. (To cut) off from the meltwater but still (to feed) by streams, the sandy-bottomed ponds became catchments for rain water and attractive habitats for algae and other simple plants.

4. Australia, (to govern) by its own peculiar combination of subtropical and temperate environments, hosts extensive forests of eucalyptus trees.

5. Efforts to limit damage (to cause) by the imported insects – as well as by native species – have been prodigious.

7. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на герундий:

1. Transferring new technologies and their applying to forestry are internationally available services offered by FAO.

2. Monitoring the status of forests will be executed more frequently to assess adequately forest degradation and deforestation.

3. Promoting balance between conservation and development of forests is equally beneficial to all countries.

4. Learning to care for a pet helps a child to grow up into a loving adult who feels responsible towards those people who depend on him.

5. Dogs are very good at guiding people apart from catching and guarding things.

8. Заполните пропуски в предложениях глаголом tobe, выражающим долженствование, в соответствующей форме. Переведите полученные предложения:

1. A number of general issues require consideration if the international framework for cooperation and coordination in forestry … to continue to evolve.

2. The momentum of the TFAP … to be maintained while its effectiveness as a concerted international effort is increased.

3. The new institutional arrangements … to ensure greater responsiveness to particular country needs.

4. All forest resources … to be protected, planned and managed ac-cording to the same rules of sustainable development.

5. Some forestry problems … to be tackled effectively by cooperative action between nations and between sectors.

6. Sustainable development … to ensure continuity in the flow of tangible and intangible benefits derived from the forests for the benefit of present and future generations.

7. Increased international resources … to be mobilized in response to the urgency and importance of tackling current forestry problems.

8. The international community … to assist actively to build up the capacity of some countries.

9. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст.

Plants

Plants - (kingdom Plantae), multicellular, eukaryotic life form fundamentally characterized by (1) an almost exclusively photosynthetic mode of nutrition, in which the plant produces chemical energy (in the form of sugars) from water, minerals, and carbon dioxide with the aid of pigments and the radiant energy of the Sun, (2) essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions called meristems, (3) cells that contain cellulose in their walls and are therefore more or less rigid, (4) the absence of organs of locomotion, resulting in a more or less stationary existence, (5) the absence of sensory and nervous systems, and (6) life histories that show an alteration of haploid and diploid generations (the dominance of one over the other is taxonomically significant).

Angiosperms - any member of the more than 250,000 species of flowering plants, the largest and most diverse group within the kingdom Plantae. Angiosperms represent approximately 80 percent of all the known green plants now living. The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary. The ovary itself is usually enclosed in a flower, that part of the angiospermous plant that contains the male or female reproductive organs or both. Fruits are derived from the maturing floral organs of the angiospermous plant and are therefore characteristic of angiosperms.

Angiosperms have evolved specialized cells and tissues that carry out these functions and have further evolved specialized vascular tissues that translocate the water and nutrients to all areas of the plant body. The specialization of the plant body, which has evolved as an adaptation to a principally terrestrial habitat, includes extensive root systems that anchor the plant and absorb water and minerals from the soil; a stem that supports the growing plant body; and leaves, which are the principal sites of photosynthesis for most angiospermous plants. Another significant evolutionary advancement over the nonvascular and the more primitive vascular plants is the presence of localized regions for plant growth, called meristems and cambia, which extend the length and width of the plant body, respectively. Except under certain conditions, these regions are the only areas in which cell division takes place in the plant body, although cell differentiation continues to occur over the life of the plant.

The angiosperms dominate the Earth's surface and vegetation in more environments, particularly terrestrial habitats, than any other group of plants. As a result, angiosperms are the most important ultimate source of food for birds and mammals, including humans. In addition, the flowering plants are the most economically important group of green plants, serving as a source of pharmaceuticals, fibre products, timber, ornamentals, and other commercial products.

Bryophytes - nonvascular plants, in which all cells in the plant body participate in every function necessary to support, nourish, and extend the plant body (e.g. photosynthesis, and cell division). Bryophytes are among the simplest of the terrestrial plants. Most representatives lack complex tissue organization, yet they show considerable diversity in form. They are widely distributed throughout the world and are relatively small compared with most seed-bearing plants. Most are 2–5 centimetres tall or, if reclining, generally less than 10 centimetres long. The phylum Bryophyta includes three main evolutionary lines: the mosses, the liverworts, and the hornworts.

In gymnosperms (e.g., conifers), the other large group of vascular seed plants, the seeds do not develop enclosed within an ovary but are usually borne exposed on the surfaces of reproductive structures, such as cones, that originally produced the spores. It was in 1825 that the Scottish botanist Robert Brown first distinguished gymnosperms from angiosperms. Currently, about 60–70 genera are recognized, with a total of 700–800 species.

Lower vascular plants - any of the spore-bearing vascular plants, including the ferns, club mosses and horsetails.

Vascular plants are those that possess a specialized conducting system for the transport of water, minerals, and food materials, as opposed to the more primitive bryophytes-mosses and liverworts - which lack such a system.

These are not an economically important group. Though they are used locally by peoples around the world for medicines and food, their greatest value today is in horticulture (ferns). Their remains, however, provide the bulk of the world's coal beds, and their relatively simple structure and life cycle make them extremely valuable to researchers in understanding the overall picture of plant structure and evolution.

10. Используя информацию из текста подпишите части цветка по-английски.

Stigma, carpel, ovary, anther, filament, style, ovule, stamen, sepal, petal, receptacle, peduncle.