Тема "Гражданский брак в России"(или что нибудь в этом роде).

Content

Introduction
De facto marriage
Degree of a readiness of a problem
Methods of measurement of family and extra family valuable orientations.
Sociological methods as the tool of research of a phenomenon of a civil marriage in the Russian society
Conclusion
Bibliography

Тема "Гражданский брак в России"(или что нибудь в этом роде).

Thus, works of many scientists are devoted the analysis of family and extra family valuable orientations. Nevertheless, the methodology of research of a parity of family and extra family valuable orientations, in our opinion, has not received sufficient illumination neither in domestic, nor in the foreign sociological literature. Works in which attempt of studying of a parity of family and extra family valuable orientations in structure of the person of individuals becomes, and also the all-round analysis of the sociological methods which application should ensure a solid data is carried out, are still enough rare.
Methods of measurement of family and extra family valuable orientations.
Use of a method of the analysis of documents at studying of family and extra family valuable orientations allows to avoid almost completely negative influence of protective motives on interpretation of the received data. Applying a konteet-analysis method, the sociologist works with already "ready" documents (photos, pictures, letters, autobiographies) which have been created without participation of the scientist. Influence of the researcher using a method of the content-analysis, on character of the received information is shown only at a choice of this or that way of selection of documents and interpretation of the data.
The supervision method also opens the big possibilities for studying of features of mutual relations of members of the family, those valuable orientations which define the basic directions of their activity. At simple (disconnect) supervision influence of the sociologist on behaviour of members of a family minimum. In this sense the given kind of supervision can be compared to a method of the analysis of documents: in either case the scientist does not accept almost any participation in creation of a subject of interpretation of a research material.
The included supervision allows the scientist to plunge into house atmosphere, unique for each concrete family. The researcher has possibility to be present at all more or less important events of home life to fix features of mutual relations of members of a family, to observe of a daily routine of parents and children. A lack of the given kind of supervision is certain influence, rendered by its presence on character of family interactions.
Advantage of a method of interrogation as one of the sociological methods, allowing to estimate degree of prevalence of family and extra family valuable orientations, consists that it is less labour-consuming in comparison with methods of the analysis of documents and supervision, and also that it is convenient for using in mass sociological researches on enough big samples. Application of a method of interrogation appears the most effective in a combination to such methods, as deep interview, supervision, the analysis of documents, various projective technicians: it allows modifying the received answers to questionnaire questions, having studied the information received in the various ways.
Use of a method of stories of the life, being one of versions of a method of interrogation, allows the scientist to reveal the factors which have influenced formation of those or other valuable orientations of the individual, to learn about those "significant others" which have played the important role his lives.
The method of "semantic differential", C.Osgud created in 1952, long enough time is applied to measurement of valuable orientations, including family and extra family. Techniques SD directed on finding-out of degree of distinction in an estimation defined understood, of objects by one person or a group of persons, according to A.I.Antonova, involves "... The ability to remove self-checking I to neutralise activization of protective motivation of the person, arising at any interrogation".
Essentially raises efficiency of use of method SD at studying of the relation of respondents to family and extra family values comparison of offered values with each other with application of a considerable quantity of scales, and also estimation on the same scales ' "distracting" concepts and objects. To define, what of vital values are preferred by examinees, with such concepts, as "business of all my life", "the most important comparison of considered values helps with my life", "sense of my life", "the most insignificant (insignificant) in my life". Application of similar procedure will help to find out, what values are the most significant for respondents.
The method of designing of images which has applied Н, G.Markovskaja, opens new possibilities of studying of family and extra family valuable orientations. The associative perception and expression interrogated various aspects of home life, professional and any other activity helps the researcher to receive the bright, sated images of the given phenomena, precisely to define, how, negatively or positively, they influence the concrete person. A lack of a method of designing of images is the certain probability of inclusion in consciousness of respondents of protective mechanisms and attempts to be limited to the statement of socially approved opinions about the interesting sociologist objects. Also use of the given method assumes presence at interrogated well developed associative thinking which potential respondents possess not all.
Thus, the analysis of the basic sociological methods of measurement of family and extra family valuable orientations has shown that at research carrying out on the given subjects it is necessary to combine some various methods as it considerably will raise probability of neutralisation of action various mechanisms and, hence, will give possibility to scientists to consider all aspects of valuable orientations of the respondent, to reveal an orientation of the person, to find out factors under which influence its system of values is formed, and also to receive the fullest, exact information on preference the individual of family or extra family valuable orientations.
Sociological methods as the tool of research of a phenomenon of a civil marriage in the Russian society
Marriage as a family basis underwent various changes, developing together with a society in legal, moral and social aspects. Today the marriage institute - set social (legal, cultural) norms, duties and the rights regulating the relations of spouses - in system of modern social institutes faces realities of new time and is characterised by new tendencies, thereby involving the increasing interest of researchers of sociologists. The complex of theoretic-methodological approaches and sociological methods allows to come nearer to intrinsic understanding of the arisen problem which is shown both on individual levels of human life.
One of the basic tendencies characterising the majority of the countries of the world including to Russia, level decrease family which is in many respects caused by following social facts is: mass unemployment, and as consequence, - mixture of traditional cast; development of market relations, rationalisation of all spheres of a society, and as consequence, - increase in a role of money in a society; exit of the woman from a family on a labour market, easing of economic dependence on men, growth of claims to the future spouse, so, complication of search of the partner; change of the relation to professional employment of women, etc. Such social preconditions which have objectively arisen at the given stage of development of a society, allow to ascertain that it is much easier to modern person to live in a modern industrial society of the western type without a family. In such conditions the probability of distribution of different forms of co-habitation, including civil increases, i.e. Not registered, marriage.
In Russia these tendencies not so wide, and traditional representations about family way are strong enough. According to the sociological interrogation spent by Fund of public opinion in 2003. The patriarchal model while remains enough attractive in public consciousness, 55 % of respondents consider that the family should have a chapter, and third is assured that it should be the man. Indifference to the one who will be the leader of a family the man or the woman have expressed only 15 % interrogated. In public opinion still norm is the traditional family, but at individual level the behaviour can show. For the first time the answer to a question on a marriage condition included in forms of census of 2002 as a variant - I consist in not registered marriage
Analyzing existing tendencies, it is possible to ascertain that the civil marriage becomes a social phenomenon, probably, for the present not on the scale of all Russia. In the Russian Federation among women the most intensively not registered marriage unions are formed at the youngest age: 16-20 years. By 26 years the indicator essentially decreases also the least value has in an interval between 30-33 years. The basic carrier of a phenomenon of a civil marriage is the youth, including students.
The majority of researchers notice that change in sphere of brachno-family relations is traced not only on instrument level, but also at level of transformation of system of values. A direction of this transformation - from patriarchal (traditional) model of a family to a variety of family forms, from domination of the external social control - to mainly interfamily, individual ways of the decision of problems. Co-habitation arises not because people ignore official marriage, it, more likely, - a consequence of transition from traditional, patriarchal relations to modern, based on equality of the rights and partnership of floors, convergence interfamily, and in general social roles of men and women. Easing, shaking of patriarchal foundations, strengthening of individualist values not necessarily conduct to decline of institutes of marriage and a family. But these institutes vary, and at the heart of changes values of the XX-th century lie: Expansion of a freedom in choosing for the man and for the woman both in family, and in social area, equality of spouses-partners, the big possibilities for contacts between generations and for self-realisation.
Specificity of a problem of a civil marriage of a society consists in its display at individual level. According to the theory of a social exchange (J. Khomans, P.Blau, D.Tibo, G.Kelli) the social behaviour is considered as personal contact between two individuals in which compensation or loss define their behaviour. That is, as the person entering the relations of an exchange with other person, will expect that incomes of each of them will be proportional to expenses - the more incomes, the it is more expenses. One of starting positions of the theory of a social exchange is that diverse kinds of compensations are necessary for people, receive which they can, only co-operating with other people. Social approval, respect, the status, and also the practical help can be compensation in the course of social interaction.
In our case as an example of such compensation it is possible to result care, liking display, sexual relations etc. Thus on the foreground leaves the argument stated in favour of a civil marriage, consisting that at short-reception of compensations, increase in expenses and reduction of incomes, co-habitation stops, without bearing behind itself any consequences from the legal point of view. The importance of this or that compensation or loss depends on its value for the concrete individual.
The people entering meaning in a civil marriage, receive more benefits from such form of mutual relations, than from the registered marriage. And these benefits are valuable to them in their system of values. One of problems of the given research is opening of the reasons of why people enter a civil marriage. What those significant values for the individual which it can and gets thus making the family.
Conclusion
"De facto marriage" has entered into our life promptly and has taken roots so naturally as if it is a question of any technical novelty, and at all about the phenomenon mentioning the major public institute – a family. The concept "de facto marriage" has appeared in Russia in XIX century among a part of the advanced intelligency as alternative to church marriage which in consciousness of the majority of the population was is unique the lawful. After branch of church from the state unique legitimate marriage in Russia becomes official, state, i.e. de facto marriage. However the population part still began to name de facto marriage informal marriage relations. There was a phenomenon of Russian "de facto marriage". In essence "de facto marriage" in Russia is a co-habitation of the people, doing not wish to connect itself the matrimonial both parental rights and duties.
Now in a modern society "de facto marriage" has got the certain legitimacy, with the given relations already to surprise nobody, moreover, many justify its existence. Nevertheless, disputes concerning civil marriages do not cease also the relation to them far not the unequivocal.
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