Лингвистические особенности английских научных статей медицинской тематики.

ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ

Данная работа посвящена исследованию стилистики современного английского языка. Нами рассматриваются стилеобразующие лингвистические элементы научного стиля речи на материале статей медицинской тематики.
Англоязычные тексты медицинского направления представляют собой яркий пример научного стиля английского языка. Доказательствами тому является ряд характерологических черт, обнаруженных нами, среди которых:
- лексические (насыщенность текста медицинскими терминами и общенаучной терминологией; преимущественное использование абстрактной лексики английского языка);
- морфологические (преобладание именных частей речи – имен существительных и прилагательных; а также страдательных глагольных форм);
- синтаксические (преобладание в тексте сложносочиненных и сложноподчиненных предложени ...

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
ГЛАВА I. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО НАУЧНОГО СТИЛЯ СОВРЕМЕННОГО АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 6
1.1. Понятие стилистики 6
1.2. Научный стиль языка. Понятие. Характерологические черты. 9
1.2.1. Лексические особенности 10
1.2.2. Морфологические особенности 14
1.2.3. Синтаксические особенности 15
ГЛАВА II. СТИЛЕОБРАЗУЮЩИЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ НАУЧНОГО СТИЛЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТЕКСТОВ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ТЕМАТИКИ) 18
2.1. Лексические стилеобразующие элементы 19
2.2. Морфологические стилеобразующие элементы 23
2.3. Синтаксические стилеобразующие элементы 26
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 29
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК 30
Приложение 33

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

В области языковедческих дисциплин по-прежнему не ослабевает интерес к проблемам стилистики. Несмотря на большое количество научных изысканий, посвященных определению роли, функций и задач стилистики в отечественном и зарубежном языкознании, монографических исследований, посвященных глубокому анализу функциональной сущности стилистики, научные толкования данного раздела лингвистики в языковой практике разнятся.
Существует несколько вариантов толкований понятий «стиль». Вопрос о понимании данного термина зародился еще в античные времена и с тех пор последовательно развивался, уточнялся, обрастал новыми элементами смысла. В связи с этим следует отметить сложность толкования понятия «стиль» в современной лингвистической науке.
Не проста ситуация и с термином «стилистика», понимание которого разнится среди ученых-языковедов и литературоведов. Одни считают, что стилистика как раздел языкознания, занимается исключительно художественными средствами и приемами, другие полагают, к примеру, что назначение стилистики в рассмотрении вопроса об отношении формы к содержанию и пр. Стилистика понимается нами как полифункциональная подсистема языка, которая позволяет, к примеру, идентифицировать стиль научной речи английского языка. Всё вышесказанное определяет актуальность данного исследования.
При написании настоящей работы были изучены труды таких ученых, как Л.И. Борисова, В.В. Виноградов, Г.О. Винокур, А.И. Гвоздев, М.М. Глушко, В.Н. Комиссаров и некоторых других.
В качестве объекта нашего исследования выступает научный стиль речи современного английского языка.
Предметом исследования являются тексты стилеобразующие элементы англоязычного научного стиля.

Статья 3
Variceal bleeding is one of the most feared complications of esophageal varices secondary to portal hypertension. Therefore every patient diagnosed with liver cirrhosis should undergo upper endoscopy for the detection of esophageal varices and evaluation for risk of bleeding. Patients who are found to have no varices should be followed closely by upper endoscopies every 2-3 years and those who are found to have small size varices can be considered for treatment with non-selective BB for primary prevention of variceal bleeding. Patients who are found to have large size varices (>5 mm) should also be started on BB as a first line prophylactic therapy as they offer several advantages, including low cost, ease of use and safety.
Статья 4
Other molecules besides Robo4 are also knownto be involved in guiding the localization of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. Forsberg's results indicate that one of these, called Cxcr4, acts together with Robo4 to retain hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. But the two molecules appear to act through different molecular mechanisms. Inhibition of both molecules may be the best way to achieve efficient mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells, Forsberg said.
общенаучная терминология
Статья 2
The mechanism by which DM/PM increases the risk of malignancy remains unclear. Nonetheless, the observation that DM/PM could be a paraneoplastic process has led to a widely accepted hypothesis of the "cross-over" model that explains the phenomena of myositis as a cross reaction between tumor cell and damaged muscle fiber… The authors propose that these over-expressed antigens in the tumor are recognized by the immune system resulting in production of specific lymphocytes. These lymphocytes, under normal circumstances, do not attack muscle fibers due to low antigen expression.
Статья 3
Osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative joint disease or osteoarthrosis, is the most common form of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and may affect any bodily joint, including those in the fingers, hips, knees, lower back and feet, though weight-bearing joints such as the knees are most susceptible.
"Previous studies showed no association between cigarette smoking and knee osteoarthritis or even a protective effect of smoking."
The finding that cigarette smoking plays a role in the worsening of knee osteoarthritis is important, says Dr. Amin, as it is a potentially modifiable risk factor.
абстрактная лексика
Статья 1
"If we can get specific and efficient inhibition of Robo4, we might be able to mobilize the hematopoietic stem cells to the blood more efficiently," she said. "We're already working on that in the second phase of the project."
Robo4 acts as an adhesion molecule, interacting with other components of the bone marrow to bind the stem cells into their proper niche. Forsberg's lab is trying to find out what molecules bind to Robo4, which could lead to a better understanding of that niche. While other types of stem cells are routinely grown in petri dishes, hematopoietic stem cells are very difficult to grow in the lab. They seem to require the bone marrow environment to function properly, and Forsberg's research might enable researchers to recreate that environment in a petri dish.
Статья 2
«The researchers took MRIs (magnetic resonance images) of the more symptomatic knee of each patient at the study beginning, and also 15 and 30 months later»
аббревиатуры, сокращения и сложные слова
Статья 1
«"Robo4 is a rare molecule that is found only in hematopoietic stem cells and in the endothelial cells of blood vessels," said Camilla Forsberg, an assistant professor of biomolecular engineering in the Baskin School of Engineering at UC Santa Cruz», «Forsberg's results indicate that one of these, called Cxcr4, acts together with Robo4 to retain hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow»
Статья 2
«TIF1-Ă plays a key role in regulating the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway, which is an essential for carcinogenesis in various types of cancer», «Casciola-Rosen et al. observed that myositis specific antigens (Mi-2, Jo-1 and DNA-PK cs), normally expressed at a very low level in mature muscle cell and other tissues, are over-expressed in regenerating muscle fibers of patient with DM/PM and in adenocarcinoma of the lung and breast».
Статья 3
«A significant finding of this study was when trials with low selection bias were limited for analysis; superiority of VBL over NSBBs could not be established in terms of bleeding», «If patients do not show a hemodynamic response (by measuring HVPG), develop intolerable side-effects or have any contraindications, then VBL should be considered»
Статья 4
The mechanism by which DM/PM increases the risk of malignancy remains unclear. Nonetheless, the observation that DM/PM could be a paraneoplastic process has led to a widely accepted hypothesis of the "cross-over" model that explains the phenomena of myositis as a cross reaction between tumor cell and damaged muscle fiber… The authors propose that these over-expressed antigens in the tumor are recognized by the immune system resulting in production of specific lymphocytes. These lymphocytes, under normal circumstances, do not attack muscle fibers due to low antigen expression.
общенаучная терминология
Статья 3
2.2. Морфологические стилеобразующие элементы
Примеры
Морфол. особенности:
Источник материала
To conduct this study, the researchers examined 159 men with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis who participated in a prospective study on the natural history of the condition, the Boston Osteoarthritis of the Knee Study. The current study focused on men, as there were too few women in the original group studied who smoked (4 percent). The researchers took MRIs (magnetic resonance images) of the more symptomatic knee of each patient at the study beginning, and also 15 and 30 months later. Cartilage loss over follow-up, based on knee MRIs, was determined at the tibiofemoral joint (the connection between the thighbone and shinbone) and the patellofemoral joint (the junction of the knee cap and the thigh bone) in the knees, and a scoring tool was used to assess knee pain severity.
употребление пассивных конструкций (-ed формы)
Статья 1
Researchers at the University of California, Santa Cruz, have identified a key molecule for establishing blood stem cells in their niche within the bone marrow. The findings, reported in the January issue of Cell Stem Cell, may lead to improvements in the safety and efficiency of bone marrow transplants. Bone marrow transplants are a type of stem cell therapy used to treat cancers such as lymphoma and leukemia and other blood-related diseases. In a bone marrow transplant, the "active ingredients" are hematopoietic stem cells, which live in the bone marrow and give rise to all the different kinds of mature blood cells. The new study shows that hematopoietic stem cells use a molecule called Robo4 to anchor themselves in the bone marrow.
Статья 2
The first report suggesting an association between malignancy and DM was published in 1916. Since then, a large number of case series and case reports were described in the literature. However, the first case-control study confirming the association of DM/PM with malignancy was published years later in 1985. Subsequent population-based retrospective cohort studies have consistently confirmed an increased risk of malignancy in the setting of DM, though one relatively small study failed to show a statistically significant increased risk in patients with PM.
Статья 3
Another proposed mechanism for protection in NSBBs is increasing intestinal transit, which leads to decrease bacterial translocation. A meta-analysis by Senzolo et al., evaluated the possible role of NSBB in preventing SBP. In this study, Senzolo evaluated five studies and the end result showed a significant decrease in the incidence of SBP in propranolol treated patients. Those findings were also found in patients who didn't exhibit any hemodynamic response to propranolol, suggesting another mechanism of protection. To further demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of NSBBs, a study by Lo followed up on patients who either was assigned to NSBBs and Isosorbide mononitrates (IMNs) or VBL for 8 years.
Статья 4
New findings from a study led by a Mayo Clinic rheumatologist indicate that men with knee osteoarthritis who smoke experience greater cartilage loss and more severe pain than men who do not smoke. Results will be published online this week in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Knee osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of disability in elders.
преобладание именных частей речи
Статья 1
Bone marrow transplants are a type of stem cell therapy used to treat cancers such as lymphoma and leukemia and other blood-related diseases. In a bone marrow transplant, the "active ingredients" are hematopoietic stem cells, which live in the bone marrow and give rise to all the different kinds of mature blood cells. The new study shows that hematopoietic stem cells use a molecule called Robo4 to anchor themselves in the bone marrow.
Статья 2
The association between malignancy and DM/PM has been well established with several epidemiological studies. The type of cancer found in this group of patients generally reflects the type of cancer found in that population. The optimal cancer screening strategy in this group of patient is a subject of debate. Recent studies showed a promising role of anti-p155/140 to exclude the presence of occult malignancy with a high negative predictive value, while PET/CT scan emerges as an alternative screening method that has a comparable sensitivity and specificity to the conventional aggressive strategy.
Статья 3
Both therapies carry risk of morbidity and mortality in general, side effects due to VBL are less frequent than BB. However, adverse events due to VBL are usually severe and may require hospitalization, surgical intervention or blood transfusion. They occurred in 5% of patients and consisted of esophageal perforation, ulcer related bleeding and death. [57] Adverse events related to NSBB occurred in 14% of patients, [57] they were mild and improved once NSBB were discontinued. Cost effectiveness and quality-of-life should be considered in all patients undergoing therapy and should be individualized according to patient's preference, characteristics and co-morbidities.
Статья 4
2.3. Синтаксические стилеобразующие элементы
Примеры
Морфол. особенности:
Источник материала
Osteoarthritis, sometimes called degenerative joint disease or osteoarthrosis, is the most common form of arthritis. Osteoarthritis is characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage and may affect any bodily joint, including those in the fingers, hips, knees, lower back and feet, though weight-bearing joints such as the knees are most susceptible. As cartilage slowly deteriorates over the years, chronic pain or varying amounts of discomfort can arise when standing and walking, and swelling also may occur with knee osteoarthritis. Over time, the cartilage deteriorates, and its smooth surface roughens. Eventually, if the cartilage wears down completely, bone may rub on bone, causing the ends of the bones to become damaged and the joints to become more painful.
The association between smoking and cartilage loss in knee osteoarthritis could be explained by one or more of the following theories, according to the researchers…
Осложненные предложения (однородными членами, дополнениями, причастными оборотами); слова, обеспечивающие логические связи между отдельными элементами высказываний; сложные предлоги; преимущественно ССП и СПП
Статья 1
The common subtypes include dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). The widely accepted diagnostic criteria for DM and PM, which combine clinical, laboratory, and pathological features, were proposed by Peter and Bohan in 1975 and remain the gold standard for clinical study. The association between IIMs and malignancy is well known and has been extensively reported in the literature. This article reviews the literature on this association, focusing on the epidemiological evidence, pathogenesis, types of malignancy associated with DM/PM, and clinical implications of this data.
The evidence of the link between IBM and amyopathic dermatomyositis (ADM) is not as robust as in DM and PM. Data on IBM are conflicting. For example, a population-based cohort study conducted by Buchbinder found a significant increased risk of malignancy with Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) of 2.4 (1.2-4.9), but a more recent study failed to show a significant association with SIR of 1.4 (0.8-2.3). Data on ADM is even more scarce, as, in part, it is a relatively uncommon entity and its definition is still somewhat confusing. The best available evidence is a systematic review of case reports and case series that included 291 patients. From that systematic review, 14% of patients had an associated cancer, which was comparable with the incidence of cancer in DM/PM. However, this data needs to be carefully interpreted as a case of ADM with associated cancer might be more likely to get published.
Статья 3
Liver cirrhosis causes 90% of portal hypertension in the western world, which leads to the development of porto-systemic collaterals, this in turn triggers the formation of the lower esophageal and gastric cardiac varices. Varices are present in 30% of patients with compensated cirrhosis and 60% of those with decompensated cirrhosis… One system is used to predict the risk of a first variceal bleed is the North Italian Endoscopic Club (NIEC), which combines those variables. However, data showed that only a one third of patients who is present with variceal hemorrhage have these risk factors. A prospective study indicated that variceal pressure is a strong predictor of the risk of first bleeding episode. Consequently, Combining the NIEC index with variceal pressure may be more accurate to predict the risk of a first episode of bleeding. Other possible independent risk factors include the presence of gastric varices, the patency of the portal and hepatic veins and the velocity and direction of portal flow (as determined with a Doppler ultrasonography). Alcohol abuse has a major role in the occurrence of the first bleeding episode.
Статья 4
Robo4 acts as an adhesion molecule, interacting with other components of the bone marrow to bind the stem cells into their proper niche. Forsberg's lab is trying to find out what molecules bind to Robo4, which could lead to a better understanding of that niche. While other types of stem cells are routinely grown in petri dishes, hematopoietic stem cells are very difficult to grow in the lab. They seem to require the bone marrow environment to function properly, and Forsberg's research might enable researchers to recreate that environment in a petri dish.
Статья 2
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
Данная работа посвящена исследованию стилистики современного английского языка. Нами рассматриваются стилеобразующие лингвистические элементы научного стиля речи на материале статей медицинской тематики.
Англоязычные тексты медицинского направления представляют собой яркий пример научного стиля английского языка. Доказательствами тому является ряд характерологических черт, обнаруженных нами, среди которых:
- лексические (насыщенность текста медицинскими терминами и общенаучной терминологией; преимущественное использование абстрактной лексики английского языка);
- морфологические (преобладание именных частей речи – имен существительных и прилагательных; а также страдательных глагольных форм);
- синтаксические (преобладание в тексте сложносочиненных и сложноподчиненных предложений, а также предложений с осложненной структурой, осложнениями могут выступать вводные слова и конструкции, указывающие на логику рассуждения / повествования в тексте, дополнения, являющиеся причастными оборотами, однородные члены и пр.);
Кроме того, медицинские статьи изобилуют различного рода статистической информацией, которая представлена в виде процентных характеристик, дробно-численных показателей и пр.
БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК
1. Арбекова Т.И. Лексикология английского языка (практический курс). Учеб. пособие для II-III курсов ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. – М.: Высшая школа, 1977. – 240 с.
2. Арнольд И.В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М.: Высшая школа, 1986. – 295 с.
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5. Борисова Л.И. «Ложные друзья» переводчика научно-технической литературы. Часть 1. – М.: Всесоюзный центр переводов научно-технической литературы и документации, 1989. – 124 с.
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Словари и справочники:
13. Ахманова О.С. Словарь лингвистических терминов. – Изд. 2-е, стереотип. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1969. – 608 с.
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721 с.
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Интернет-сайты:
23. Cambridge Dictionary http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk
24. Collins-COBUILD Dictionaries http://www.cobuild.collins.co.uk
25. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionaries: http://www.m-w.com
26. Oxford Dictionaries http://www.oup.com
27. http://titania.cobuild.collins.co.uk/boe_info.html/
28. http://poiskslov.com/
29. http://www.synonym.com/
30. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
31. http://www.yourdictionary.com/
Приложение
Языковой материал (4 статьи медицинской тематики)
Статья 1.
Science Daily, Dec. 11, 2006
Smoking Worsens Knee Osteoarthritis
New findings from a study led by a Mayo Clinic rheumatologist indicate that men with knee osteoarthritis who smoke experience greater cartilage loss and more severe pain than men who do not smoke. Results will be published online this week in the Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.
Knee osteoarthritis is one of the leading causes of disability in elders.