Interjection in the English language.

Plan
I.Introduction……………………………………………………………3
II.Interjection as a linguistic unit
2.1Definition of interjections……………………………………… ..4
2.2Forms and morphological features of interjections……………….8
2.3Position and meaning of interjections……………………………12
III.Use of interjections in English language……………………………….16
IV.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...28
V.References ……………………………………………………………...29

booh!imitating the lowing of oxenboohoo!imitative of the sound of noisy weepingor laughter; also an expression of contemptbow-wow!an imitation of the barking of adogbuff!imitating a dog's bark; also an instinctive exclamation of contemptcaw!arepresentation of the cry of a rook or crowcrack!suggestive of a cracking action orcracking soundgoo-goo!an imitative representation of baby talkhem!the soundmade in clearing the throathewgh!an imitation of the sound of whistlingkerplunk!used to imitate the sound of the fall of some heavy bodymew! miaow!representative of the cry of a catphut!imitation of a dull, abruptsound, as that of a gunpiff!imitation of the sound produced by a bullet going swiftlythrough the airplash! plosh!suggestive of the noise made when somethingstrikes the surface of water, or plunges into itpluff!indicates strong puff orexplosionplump!imitation of the soundmade by a heavy object or body falling into waterplunk!suggests the sound of a heavyblow, or a plunge; also, the sound made by the drawing of a corkpop!imitative ofthe short abrupt sound of a low-intensity explosionpow!suggesting the sound of ashot, explosion, punchprut! prute!the sound produced by a rifle shotrap-tap!an imitation of the sound produced by rapping on a doorscape!a conventional imitationof the cry of the snipe when flushedslurp!imitative of the noise of slurpingsocko!imitative of the sound of a violent blowsplat!a splattering orwet, slapping soundswack!imitative of the sound of an elegant but heavy blowswash! swosh!imitative of the sound of splashing into water, or of a resounding blowsweetch!imitative of the sound of a whipswish!imitative of a hissing sound like theone produced by a switch or any slender object moving swiftly through the airtantara!imitative of the sound of a trumpet, or sometimes of a drumtantivy!imitative of thesound of galloping or scudding feettee-hee!the sound of titter or snickerthunk!thesound of an impacttink!a representation of the sound made by striking resonant metalwith something hard and lighttra-ra!imitation of the sound of a horn, orsome similar soundtu-whit! tu-whoo!imitation of the call of an owltwee! twee-wewe!imitation of the sound of a horn, and some birdstweet!imitation of the soundingof a small bird, often repeatedtwit! twyt!imitation of the shrill chirp of a small birdvoom! vroom!indicating the sound of an explosion; roar of an engineweek! weeck! weke!imitative of the squeak of a pig or mousewham!a sound in imitationof a heavy blow, explosionwhammo!a sudden violent blow or surprising eventwhew!a sound similar to a whistle, indicating relief, astonishment, disgust, dismaywhing!a word imitative of a high-pitched ringing soundwhit!a word expressinga shrill sound, as of a bird's chirp, a bullet hitting a hard surfacewhiz! whizz!indicatinga swift movement producing such a soundwhoompf! whoomph!a sudden, violentrushing sound, as when something inflammable bursts into flamewhoosh!surprise,fatigue, etc; also evocative of or accompanying a sudden explosive sound or movementwhump! wump!a dull thudding sound, as of a body landing heavilywoof! wouf! wowff!imitation of a gruff abrupt bark of a dog, often repeatedyoop! youp!a word imitative ofthe sound made by convulsive sobbingzonk!suggesting the sound of a sudden impactzoom! zoon!suggesting the sound made by something travelling at speedIn English, a vast number of expletives originate from religiousdomain, most of them from religious names. Countless moderatedexpletives are attested in the history of English which are derivedfrom god.The next largest section would be that of interjections used as oaths or rather mildoaths and euphemistic expressions. Many of them are used to suggest vexation, surpriseor disappointment on the part of the speaker. Most of such oaths of English are listed belowwith adequate stylistic notes:InterjectionMeaningagad! adad!a softened or euphemistic oathbejesus! bejasus!an alteration of the oath by jesus!benedicite! bendicite! benste!as expressing a wish: bless you!blast!damn!blimey!surprise, wonderbyr'lady! byrladye! birladie! barlady!by our lady!, used as an oath, form of adjuration or an interjectioncaramba!surprise, dismaycracky! crackee!used for emphasiscrikey!god!cripes! By cripes!perversion of christ!crivens! crivvens!corruption of christ!, expressive of astonishment or horrordamn!anger, annoyance, disappointmentdamnation!anger, annoyancedarn! durn!damn!deuce!bad luck, the devil, etc.: annoyance, surprise, frustrationthe devil!anger,surprise, negationdiable!devil!the dickens!devil, deucedoggone!damn! darn! suggests anger, irritation, pleasure, surprisedrat! drot!expressive of annoyance or angry vexationegad! ecod! edad! edod!a softened of euphemistic oathfuck!anger, disappointment,disgustgad! gadso! gar!a mild oath, surprise, disgustgadzooks!a mild oathgolly! gorry!substituted for god! in oaths or exclamations, exspressive of surprisegosh!surprise, wonderhaith!a quasi-oath: a deformation of faith! i' faith!hatters!a mild oathheigh-ho!mild surprise, boredom,disappointment, greetingjeez!corruption of jesus!jeepers! jeepers- creepers!corruption of jesus!lawk! lawks!lord!lord! lor'! lor! lors!lordy! lord me!surprise and irritationlosh!a distortion of lord!, used in certain exclamationspardi! pardie! pardy! perdie!by god!; verily, indeedsapperment!an oath indicating irritation, surprisesapristi!a mild oath expressive of astonishment, exasperationsod!damn!zounds!a mild oath, surprise or angerVarious commands, orders or calls to animals may compose a group of their own. Anumber of them are dialectal or region-specific in nature, particularly uttered to domesticanimals or during hunting. The following make up a list of interjectory commands givenwith their variants in spelling and pronunciation:InterjectionMeaninggee! gee-ho! jee! jee-hup!a command to a horse, go ahead! turn right!giddyap!a direction to a horse : start moving! go faster!hait! heit! haight!a command to horsesto urge them forward or to turn them to one side or the otherhaw!a command to a horse, turn to the left!hoick! hoicks!a hunter's call to the houndshush!calling forsilencehut!a call to a horseloo! 'loo!a cry to incite a dog to the chase; abbreviation of halloo!loop!a word of command to an animal to move forwardproo!a call to a cow or horse, inviting it to stand still or comenearproot!a command to a donkey to move fasterpst!a command of silencepurr! pyr! purre!a call to pigs and turkeysscat!begone!sh! 'sh! sh-sh! s-ssh!used to command silenceshah!hush! be quiet! a soothing exclamationshoo!used in driving away chickens and other animals, go away!shush!hush! Be quiet!silence!be silent!snap!the call in the card-game snap, two similar objectsturning upsoft!be quiet! hush! slow up! stop!soho! sohowe! so-ho!a callby hunters to encourage the dogs to chase a hare, to draw the attention of any person, announcea discoveryst!used to impose silence; hush! whist!staboy! ste(e)boy!acry to urge houndsto-ho!a call in sport to a pointer or setter to stopvoetsak! footsack!a command to leaveway!a call to ahorse to stopwhish! whist! whisht!hush!} who! whoa! whoe! whoo!a call to a horse to stand stillyep!a call or command used to urge on a horseyoicks!a cry used for urging on the hounds in fox-huntingAmong the less prominent interjections are those composing the group of calls meantas encouragement to sportsmen or others, primarily used in the USA: attaboy! at-a-boy! ata boy! heigh! huzza! hussa! huzzah! huzzay! keno! keeno! kino! quino! sis-boombah! thataboy! that a boy! thatta boy! Attention-seeking interjections in English are notvery many, but not neglectable, either, so we have made a separate set of such interjections,including ahem! a-hey! cooee! cooey! hallo! halloo!halloa!hallow! hullo!hark! heh! here! hey! hello! ho! holla! hollo! hoy! look! oh! o! oi! order! oyes! oyez! psst! soho! sohowe! so-ho! what ho! yoho! yoahoa! yoe-hoe! yeo-ho! yoo-hoo!ConclusionThe interjections of English make up a comparatively small but rather varied group ofwords with a particular communicative significance. Most often, these are uninterruptedlexical sequences positioned towards the beginning of the sentence. Various interjections can be used to suggest certain emotions or attitudes, among thetypical of which are anger, disgust, fear, joy, pain, pleasure, relief, surprise, triumph,wonder, etc. Aside from plain interjections expressive of emotions, other different types ofinterjections can be distinguished among such words and phrases used in English. Recognizingthe place of interjections, as well as mastering the use in everyday communicationmakes a constituent element of every speaker's linguistic competence and performance.Morphologically, interjections are concerned on various kindsof formation. The majority of interjections are originally English, whereas a considerable number have borrowed fromother languages. The languages most borrowed for Englishinterjections are from French, South Africa or Spanish.Pragmatically, the communicative content of interjections isvaguer than the proposed conceptual structures would predict and thehighly context-dependent nature of interjections suggests asubstantial pragmatic contribution to their comprehension. As a result,in an utterance which consists of just an interjection, and expressesno explicit proposition, a hearer can only use the proceduralinformation to derive implicatures such as what the attitude is, what itis to, what the emotional or mental state of the speaker is.Language, one of the most effective running principles of which is economy,would not and could not allow the existence of redundant elements. Moreover, mastering any language would be incomplete without beingable to understand perfectly and use appropriately any kind of communicative elements.ReferencesAmeka, F. K. Interjections [Text] / In  Östman, J.-O. & Verschueren, J. (Eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics. – Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2006.Crystal, D. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics [Text] / D. Crystal. - Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 2008.Curme, G. O. English Grammar [Text] / Curme. Barnes & Noble Books, New York, 1978.Dunbar, R. 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