Особенности пунктуации в английском языке

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER I THEORETICAL BASE OF THE INVESTIGATION
1.1 Definition of punctuation marks
1.2 Classification of punctuation marks
1.2.1 Apostrophe as a detached punctuation mark
1.2.2 External punctuation marks
1.2.3 Internal punctuation marks
1.2.4 Emissive punctuation marks
1.2.5 Analphabetic punctuation marks
CHAPTER II USAGE OF DIFFERENT PUNCTUATION MARKS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE
2.1 Common and special cases of punctuation usage
2.1.1 Apostrophe as a detached punctuation mark
2.1.2 External punctuation marks
2.1.3 Internal punctuation marks
2.1.4 Emissive punctuation marks
2.2 Omitting of punctuation marks in literature
2.3 Interaction of graphic marks and sounding in speech and literature
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Особенности пунктуации в английском языке

I think it was one of those... peculiar cases....
"Did he... peacefully?" she asked.
"O, there's a... fib!"
"Well... tell me, Corley, I suppose you'll be able to pull it off all right, eh?"
"She was... a bit of all right," he said regretfully.2
I... committed sins of impurity, father.
That. The... funnel.
Would you not try to save her from suffering more even if... or would you?3
Tomorrow will be a week that I received... it is no use Leopold to be ... with your dear mother... hat is not more to stand... to her... all for me is out... be kind to Athos, Leopold... my dear son... always... of me... _das Herz... Gott... dein ...
To ourselves... new paganism... omphalos.4
Question mark
Question mark is used at the end of the sentence for marking question or doubt. This punctuationmark is used only at the end of a question:
Two years ago, wasn't it?
And, after all, it's the old country, as they say, isn't it?
Will you smoke, Tommy?
"Is it to be the last?" he said.
"Any youngsters?" said Ignatius Gallaher.
"Son or daughter?"
"But who knows?"1
Where are you now?
Who have you now like John Philpot Curran?
By the way how did he find that out? He died in his sleep. Or the other story, beast with two backs?2
What is your name?
Now then, who will win?3
Exclamation mark
Exclamation mark is used at the end of the sentence.
1). Exclamation mark is used when the sentence is very emotional, for example:
"How dull you must find it," said Little Chandler, "after all the other places you've seen!"
Talk of immorality!4
Nice mother!
Go ahead, York! Go ahead, Lancaster!5
Ah! Bright's! Lights!
She did, of course, the cat! Don't tell me! Nice adviser!
Come on, you British army!
Good fellow! Fido! Good fellow! Garryowen!6
2). Exclamation mark is used when there is repetition in the sentence:
--Cuckoo! Cuckoo!
Young! Young!7
2.1.3 Internal punctuation marks
Internal punctuation marks are dash (–), semicolon (;), colon (:) and comma (,).
Dash
1). In English for marking unfinished speech dash is usually used. It differs from Russian where elision marks are used.
--O, if not, the eagles will come and pull out his eyes.--1
2). Dash is used when there is a need to make a comment or describe something. For example:
When he smiled he used to uncover his big discoloured teeth and let his tongue lie upon his lower lip -- a habit which had made me feel uneasy in the beginning of our acquaintance before I knew him well.
There was a heavy odour in the room--the flowers.
God knows we done all we could, as poor as we are--we wouldn't see him want anything while he was in it.
And so much the better for us--a bob and a tanner instead of a bob.2
--HELL HAS ENLARGED ITS SOUL AND OPENED ITS MOUTH WITHOUT ANY LIMITS--
In hell all laws are overturned--there is no thought of family or country, of ties, of relationships.
Boundless extension of torment, incredible intensity of suffering, unceasing variety of torture--this is what the divine majesty, so outraged by sinners, demands; this is what the holiness of heaven, slighted and set aside for the lustful and low pleasures of the corrupt flesh, requires; this is what the blood of the innocent Lamb of God, shed for the redemption of sinners, trampled upon by the vilest of the vile, insists upon.3
If the accused could speak he could a tale unfold--one of the strangest that have ever been narrated between the covers of a book.
I was in company with the soldiers and they left me to do--you know, and the young man run up behind me.1
3). Dash is used when after the exclamation mark or question mark to make a comment. For example:
He came to the woman, the weaker vessel, and poured the poison of his eloquence into her ear, promising her--O, the blasphemy of that promise!--that if she and Adam ate of the forbidden fruit they would become as gods, nay as God Himself.
--O my God!--2
SOME COLUMN!--THAT'S WHAT WADDLER ONE SAID.3
4). Dash can be used in stylistic purposes. For example:
Then she would be married--she, Eveline.
It was hard work--a hard life--but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life.
Their sympathy, however, was for the blue cars--the cars of their friends, the French.4
--O my God!--
--O my God!--
--I am heartily sorry--
--I am heartily sorry--
--for having offended Thee--
--for having offended Thee--
--and I detest my sins--
--and I detest my sins--
--above every other evil--
--above every other evil--
--because they displease Thee, my God--
--because they displease Thee, my God--
--Who art so deserving--
--Who art so deserving--
--of all my love--
--of all my love--
--and I firmly purpose--
--and I firmly purpose--
--by Thy holy grace--
--by Thy holy grace--
--never more to offend Thee--
--never more to offend Thee--
--and to amend my life--
--and to amend my life--1
5). Dash can be used when marking the beginning of a retort in a dialogue if it stands in the beginning of the sentence. For example:
--And that one was Judas, Stephen said, who up to then had said nothing whatsoever of any kind.
--Someone saluted you, Mr Bloom said.
-- Night!
--You know Simon Dedalus? he asked at length.
--I've heard of him, Stephen said.2
--He's sick.
--Who is?
--Tell McGlade.
--Get back into bed.
--Is he sick?3
Dash is a common punctuation mark in the analyzed work of literature.
Semicolon
Semicolon is used to divide the sentence into some parts. For example:
He had money and he was popular; and he divided his time curiously between musical and motoring circles.
This was not altogether pleasant for him, as he had nearly always to make a deft guess at the meaning and shout back a suitable answer in the face of a high wind. Besides Villona's humming would confuse anybody; the noise of the car, too.
Rapid motion through space elates one; so does notoriety; so does the possession of money.1
Gone. They sing. Forgotten. I too; And one day she with.
Amongst the clergy present were the very rev. William Delany, S. J., L. L. D.; the rt rev. Gerald Molloy, D. D.; the rev. P. J. Kavanagh, C. S. Sp.; the rev. T. Waters, C. C.; the rev. John M. Ivers, P. P.; the rev. P. J. Cleary, O. S. F.; the rev. L. J. Hickey, O. P.; the very rev. Fr. Nicholas, O. S. F. C.;
There is no answer; he bends again.
…the incongruity and disproportion between the selfprolonging tension of the thing proposed to be done and the selfabbreviating relaxation of the thing done; the fallaciously inferred debility of the female…2
He went up to his room after dinner in order to be alone with his soul, and at every step his soul seemed to sigh; at every step his soul mounted with his feet, sighing in the ascent, through a region of viscid gloom.
At the washstand a convulsion seized him within; and, clasping his cold forehead wildly, he vomited profusely in agony.
But their souls were seen by God; and if their souls were in a state of grace they were radiant to see: and God loved them, seeing them.3
Semicolon is a common punctuation mark in the analyzed work of literature.
Colon
Colon is used to mark the fact that part of the text after this mark is connected with the previous part by causative, explanatory or notional relation. For example:
Jimmy, under generous influences, felt the buried zeal of his father wake to life within him: he aroused the torpid Routh at last.
They were devils of fellows but he wished they would stop: it was getting late.
He paused at last before the window of a poor-looking shop over which the words Refreshment Bar were printed in white letters. On the glass of the window were two flying inscriptions: Ginger Beer and Ginger Ale.1
It was the woman: soft whispering cloudlets, soft whispering vapour, whispering and vanishing.
He began to confess his sins: masses missed, prayers not said, lies.
He had felt a subtle, dark, and murmurous presence penetrate his being and fire him with a brief iniquitous lust: it, too, had slipped beyond his grasp leaving his mind lucid and indifferent.
Masked memories passed quickly before him: he recognized scenes and persons yet he was conscious that he had failed to perceive some vital circumstance in them.2
Colon is used after the words of the author before the direct speech For example:
The ticket-collector saluted Jimmy; he was an old man: "Fine night, sir!"
They proceeded towards it with linked arms, singing Cadet Roussel in chorus, stamping their feet at every: "Ho! Ho! Hohe, vraiment!"
Villona said with conviction: "It is delightful!"3
In the analyzed work of literature we can notice that colon can be used for distinguishing some thought or part of the sentence in stylistic purposes as in the case with the dash. For example:
One soul was lost; a tiny soul: his.1
In the next example the author used eleven colons in one sentence. We consider it is explained by stylistic purposes:
The preordained frangibility of the hymen: the presupposed intangibility of the thing in itself: the incongruity and disproportion between the selfprolonging tension of the thing proposed to be done and the selfabbreviating relaxation of the thing done; the fallaciously inferred debility of the female: the muscularity of the male: the variations of ethical codes: the natural grammatical transition by inversion involving no alteration of sense of an aorist preterite proposition (parsed as masculine subject, monosyllabic onomatopoeic transitive verb with direct feminine object) from the active voice into its correlative aorist preterite proposition (parsed as feminine subject, auxiliary verb and quasimonosyllabic onomatopoeic past participle with complementary masculine agent) in the passive voice: the continued product of seminators by generation: the continual production of semen by distillation: the futility of triumph or protest or vindication: the inanity of extolled virtue: the lethargy of nescient matter: the apathy of the stars.2
Comma
Comma is the most common punctuation mark both in Russian and in English. It is comma that is used creating the great number of variations and improvisations. It is determined mostly by the author’s erudition, his emotional perception and interpretation of situations presented in the text.
Comma is the most widespread punctuation mark in the analyzed work of literature.
Comma is used when it is necessary to detach:
1). Adverbal subordinate clauses when standing in the beginning of the sentence. For example:
To compete with phrasemongers, incapable of thinking consecutively for sixty seconds?3
To inaugurate a course of vocal instruction, place the residence of the instructress.1
2). Participial or absolute constructions in the beginning, middle and at the end of the sentence. For example:
Then, catching sight of Stephen Dedalus, he bent towards him and made rapid crosses in the air, gurgling in his throat and shaking his head.
Tell me now, Stephen said, poking the boy's shoulder with the book, what is a pier.2
He rolled his stockings off and put on his nightshirt quickly and knelt trembling at his bedside and repeated his prayers quickly, fearing that the gas would go down.
The guards went to and fro opening, closing, locking, unlocking the doors.3
All the work we had, she and me, getting in the woman to wash him and then laying him out and then the coffin and then arranging about the Mass in the chapel.
Father Butler turned over the pages, frowning.4
3). Introductory infinitive constructions. If infinitive constructions serves as a subject it is not separated by the comma. For example:
You were both very kind to him, I must say.5
To conclude, while from the sister's words he had reckoned upon a speedy delivery he was, however, it must be owned, not a little alleviated by the intelligence that the issue so auspicated after an ordeal of such duress now testified once more to the mercy as well as to the bounty of the Supreme Being.6
4). All introductory words, expressions, word groups and subordinate clauses.
а) words like however, moreover, therefore, besides, consequently, so to speak, in short, of course, as a result, we suppose, I think, as for as she is concerned. For example:
Slow music, please.
A phrase, then, of impatience, thud of Blake's wings of excess.
Of course, I grant you, to concede a point, you do knock across a simple soul once in a blue moon.1
Moreover, our earthly fire destroys at the same time as it burns, so that the more intense it is the shorter is its duration; but the fire of hell has this property, that it preserves that which it burns, and, though it rages with incredible intensity, it rages for ever.
Of course, I don't know if you believe in man.2
The French, moreover, were virtual victors.
Of course, the investment was a good one and Segouin had managed to give the impression that it was by a favour of friendship the mite of Irish money was to be included in the capital of the concern.
Still, I know he's gone and all to that....
The man who wrote it, I suppose, was some wretched fellow who writes these things for a drink.3
б) expressions interrupting logical succession of the sentence or specifying some part of the sentence. For example:
There was a noise of curtain-rings running back along the rods, of water being splashed in the basins.
A pale sunlight showed the yellow curtains drawn back, the tossed beds.
He crouched down between the sheets, glad of their tepid glow.4
Only God knew and she and he, her husband's brother.5
в) The word also if it stands in the beginning of the sentence for reinforcement. For example:
Also, without being actually positive, it struck him a great field was to be opened up in the line of opening up new routes to keep pace with the times _apropos_ of the Fishguard-Rosslare route…1
Also, when thinking of him, saw always a stern severed head or death mask as if outlined on a grey curtain or veronica.2
5). Opening words and remarks such as yes, indeed, really, surely, well. For example:
Yes, Mr Bloom thoroughly agreed, entirely endorsing the remark, that was overwhelmingly right.
Surely, there ought to be.3
Yes, MacCullagh and I, he said.4
Yes, indeed.
Indeed, that's true.
Yes, that's agreed.5
6). Descriptive subordinate clauses which can be omitted without prejudice for the sense of the sentence. For example:
He said and then lifted he in his rude great brawny strengthy hands the medher of dark strong foamy ale and, uttering his tribal slogan _Lamh earg Abu_, he drank to the undoing of his foes, a race of mighty valorous heroes, rulers of the waves, who sit on thrones of alabaster silent as the deathless gods.6
--Well, I must go now, said Stephen, who cared little for such points of honour.
. In the middle of the vestry a young jesuit, who was then on a visit to the college, stood rocking himself rhythmically from the tips of his toes to his heels and back again, his hands thrust well forward into his side-pockets.1
He looked up at the pantry ceiling, which was shaking with the stamping and shuffling of feet on the floor above, listened for a moment to the piano and then glanced at the girl, who was folding his overcoat carefully at the end of a shelf.2
7). Addressing. For example::
Shut your eyes, gents.
Come up, Kinch! Come up, you fearful jesuit!3
Incline unto our aid, O God!
Welcome home, Stephen!4
Well, Miss Flynn, at any rate it must be a great comfort for you to know that you did all you could for him.5
8). Homogeneous parts of the sentence. For example:
We spent a long time walking about the noisy streets flanked by high stone walls, watching the working of cranes and engines and often being shouted at for our immobility by the drivers of groaning carts.6
Those were old worldish days, loyal times in joyous townlands, old times in the barony.
A stout lady stopped, took a copper coin from her purse and dropped it into the cap held out to her.
He swung himself forward in vigorous jerks, halted, lifted his head towards a window and bayed deeply…
Come. To me, to him, to her, you too, me, us.7
To live, to err, to fall, to triumph, to recreate life out of life!8
9). Parts of compound sentences connected with the conjunctions such as and, but, for, or, nor, that, when, while (in the meaning of but). For example:
At Annesley bridge the tram halted and, when it was about to go, an old woman rose suddenly from her place to alight.
He walked there, reading in the evening, and heard the cries of the boys' lines at their play, young cries in the quiet evening.2
There was a fire there, but the hall was still dark.3
I too listened; but there was no sound in the house…
So then, of course, when they saw that, that made them think that there was something gone wrong with him....
We were serious to the point of solemnity, but once during the short voyage our eyes met and we laughed.4
10). Direct speech. For example:
--It's very close, the constable said.
--It's very close, the constable said.
--Sister Mary Patrick, Maggy said.5
--Because there is a thigh in it, he said.
--Oh, I see, Stephen said.
--That's an old riddle, he said.6
"Ah, I can see you are a bookworm like myself. Now," he added, pointing to Mahony who was regarding us with open eyes, "he is different; he goes in for games."
"Of course," he said, "there were some of Lord Lytton's works which boys couldn't read."
"Tell us," said Mahony pertly to the man, "how many have you yourself?"7
11). Repetition. For example:
Ya! yaka, yaka, yaka!"1
Sss. Dth, dth, dth! Three days imagine groaning on a bed with a vinegared handkerchief round her forehead, her belly swollen out.
Terrible, terrible!2
12). Interrogative part of disjunctive questions. For example:
--A merchant, Stephen said, is one who buys cheap and sells dear, jew or gentile, is he not?
He's not going out in bluey specs with the sweat rolling off him to baptize blacks, is he?
--Mrs B. is the bright particular star, isn't she? says Joe.3
She's ripping, isn't she, Wallis?4
She's from Connacht, isn't she?"
"But he's an Orangeman, Crofton, isn't he?" said Mr. Power.5
13). In four and more digit numbers figures after one thousand are separated by the comma. For example:
Four polygonal fragments of two lacerated scarlet betting tickets, numbered 8 87, 88 6.
…and, in support of his political convictions, had climbed up into a secure position amid the ramifications of a tree on Northumberland road to see the entrance (2 February 1888) into the capital of a demonstrative torchlight procession of 20,000 torchbearers…
A solution of the secular problem of the quadrature of the circle, government premium 1,000,000 pounds sterling.6
14) Decimal numbers. For example:
In Bernard Kiernan's licensed premises 8, 9 and 10 little Britain street: in David Byrne's licensed premises.1
Comma as well as full stop is the most widespread punctuation mark in the analyzed work of literature.
2.1.4 Emissive punctuation marks
Emissive punctuation marks are brackets ( ( ) ) ( [ ] ) ( { } ) ( < > ) and quotation marks ( “ ” ).
Brackets are also the punctuation marks of the sentence.
1). Additional information, comments or date of birth is put in brackets. For example:
July 1st, 1895 The Rev. James Flynn (formerly of S. Catherine's Church, Meath Street), aged sixty-five years. R. I. P.2
My literary efforts have had the good fortune to meet with the approval of the eminent poet A. E. (Mr Geo. Russell).3
2). Sometimes the whole sentence is enclosed in brackets. In such cases enclosed sentence as well as a main sentence begins with the capital letter. For example:
There is a young student comes here some evenings named Bannon his cousins or something are big swells and he sings Boylan's (I was on the pop of writing Blazes Boylan's) song about those seaside girls.
He stopped at each, took out a communion, shook a drop or two (are they in water?) off it and put it neatly into her mouth.4
The esthetic emotion (I used the general term) is therefore static.
No, by the Lord Jesus (God forgive me) not half dead.
--A holy saint (one of our own fathers I believe it was) was once vouchsafed a vision of hell.5
3). Additional comments oа the author or a character is put in brackets. For example:
A garland of grey hair on his comminated head see him me clambering down to the footpace (_descende_!), clutching a monstrance, basiliskeyed.