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The System of Education in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. History, tendencies, problems, achievments.

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Содержание

Introduction
Historical view on British education
Education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Peculiar features of the educational system in Scotland
The requirements to become a teacher in the UK
Conclusion
Bibliography
Supplement.
The Key Stages in British Education:
Key stages in Northern Ireland:
Types of Higher Education Qualifications in the UK.

Введение

The System of Education in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. History, tendencies, problems, achievments.

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The Education Act 1902 established local education authorities which assumed responsibility for both elementary and secondary education including board schools and voluntary (mostly church) schools. The Act‘s main objective was to promote the expansion of secondary education.
The Education Act 1944 established three stages of education: primary , secondary and further (higher) education . Secondary education was made available, free of charge, to all pupils based on age, ability and aptitude.
During the 1960s, there was growing support for the idea of comprehensive secondary schools, which must be available for all children regardless of ability. The movement for comprehensive schools was encouraged by the publication, of Circular 10/65 (1965), which called for local authorities to submit schemes for the reorganization of education on comprehensive lines. But some areas of England did not and still retain grammar schools. The 1980s saw an increase in legislation governing the schools system, the overall effect of which was to increase the power of central government, diminish the role of local education authorities and give more independence to schools.
The Education Reform Act 1988 was a very important milestone, as it provided for the introduction of the National Curriculum and the delegation of budgets to schools, and first defined the key stages of compulsory education. The foundation subjects were defined: English, Math, Science, and some other. The Act also allowed primary and secondary schools to opt out of local authority control as grant-maintained schools and made important reforms to higher education, taking polytechnics and higher education colleges out of Local Authorities control. “By law, all children in England and Wales between ages 5 and 16 must receive a full-time education, while in Northern Ireland; children must begin at age 4”[ http://www.britishcouncil.org/usa-education-uk-system-k-12-education.htm].
Education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
The Education Act 2002 incorporated the foundation stage into the statutory National Curriculum in England. The foundation stage begins at the age of 3 until 5. Foundation stage education is provided in state-maintained nursery schools and classes, and in voluntary and private settings. In Wales, pre-school provision has, until recently, followed a broadly similar pattern to that in England. In September 2008, however, a statutory foundation phase covering ages three to seven began to be introduced in Wales. In Northern Ireland, the foundation stage which was introduced in September 2007, also covers Years 1 and 2 of compulsory primary education.
In England, in accordance with the Education Act 2002 and earlier legislation, the period of compulsory education is divided into 4 key stages. Key stages in Wales are similar, but the introduction of a new foundation phase of education, which began in September 2008, will change the organization of key stages at primary level in Wales. The vast majority of secondary schools in England and all secondary schools in Wales accept pupils from the full ability range. These are often known as comprehensive schools.
In Northern Ireland, the Education Order 2006 introduced the 5 key stages. Northern Ireland has traditionally operated a selective system of secondary education, in which pupils are selected for grammar school on the basis of academic ability. These arrangements are currently a matter for debate and discussion.
At age 16, when education is no longer compulsory, the majority of pupils in England, Wales and Northern Ireland continue their studies, either at school, in a sixth form college (in England), or at a further education institution.
According to the statistics, “approximately 1.8 million students (50%) are currently enrolled in the UK higher education system” [http://www.britishcouncil.org/usa-education-uk-system-k-12-education.htm]. It should be mentioned that the higher education in Britain is not free.
In general, we can say that education in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is administered at both national level, and local level. The devolved administrations in Wales and Northern Ireland which have responsibility for education are considered here as national rather than as regional level government. The education system is characterized by its decentralized nature. Responsibility for different aspects of the service is shared between central government, local government, churches and other voluntary bodies and the governing bodies of educational institutions.
Peculiar features of the educational system in Scotland
And now it is necessary to say a couple of words about Scotland. Scottish Education is unique and different from the education systems of other parts of the UK. Scotland Education had always put emphasis on wide range of specialized subjects. On the contrast the Welsh, English and Irish education system concentrates on smaller range of subjects. Education in Scotland has always enjoyed a high status and most of the key principles and values on which it is built are long established. The provision of free, compulsory education for all within a specified age group (currently 5-16) is fundamental.
The First Minister for Scotland is responsible for the overall supervision and development of the education system. Day-to-day responsibility for education is delegated to the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Lifelong Learning. The Scottish Government oversees and provides guidance on the provision of pre-primary education by Local Authorities and their voluntary and private partners.
A slightly higher proportion of Scots than English go to Universities. In England, many students go to a university in a different city or part of the country from where their families live. In Scotland, most go to a university near their home. In Scotland, the 1st degree is called either an MA or a BA. Students in Scotland usually study for 4 years for their degree and university education is broader than in England. Most Scottish universities require their students to study 3 or 4 subjects in their 1st year before specializing in 1 or 2.
The requirements to become a teacher in the UK
It’s necessary to say that to become a fully qualified teacher in state-maintained schools in the UK, a person has to gain Qualified Teacher Status (QTS). That means completing a programme of initial teacher training. It is a combination of theoretical learning with at least 18 weeks of teaching practice in schools. Initial teacher training helps to develop the skills one needs to become an effective teacher and achieve qualified teacher status. Before starting the process of becoming a teacher, a person should ensure he meets a number of key requirements as a UK degree (or an equivalent qualification). If a person has qualifications from outside the EU, the National Academic Recognition Information Centre will be able to advise whether the particular qualifications are equivalent to the requirements set out above, and they may also provide certification where appropriate.

Список литературы

Printed materials:
1. McDowall David, Britain in close-up. Longman 2003
2.Гурьева Ю. Ф. Глубоки корни... М.Титул-2004 Guryeva Yu. F. Deep are the Roots...
3.Farrel Mark, British Life and Institutions М.Титул.-2000
4.Томахин Г.Д.Cities and Countries, М.: Просвещение, 1999
Internet Websites:
1.http://www.britishcouncil.org/ - date of reference: May 08, 2011
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