Трудности перевода с иностранного языка

Целью работы является выявление наиболее характерной теоретической проблемы, связанной с основными трудностями перевода на основе самостоятельно выполненного перевода и двух видов переводческого комментария, лингвопереводческого и лингвокультурологического, а также освещение положения данного вопроса в переводческой литературе. ...

Введение…………………………………………………………………………...3
Глава 1. Теоретические основы перевода ……………………………………..4
1.1 Общая характеристика исходного текста……………………………….4
1.1.1 Источник………………………………………………………………….4
1.1.2 Жанровая направленность……………………………………………...6
1.2 Типичная для данного текста переводческая проблема и обоснование ее решения………………………………………………………………………9
1.2.1 Проблема переводимости тавтограммы как мнемонического приема.9
1.2.2 Противопоставление примеров на основе искусственно созданных ошибок……11
Выводы по главе 1…………………………………………………………….13
Глава 2. Характеристики организации текста……………………………………………………………………………14
2.1 Тавтограмма как мнемонический прием………………………………..14
2.2 Смысловая и формальная организация текста………………………….19
2.2.1 Выдвижение как способ формальной организации текста…………..21
Выводы по главе 2…………………………………………………………….29
Глава 3. Практика перевода….…………………………………………………32
3.1 Перевод исходного текста на русский язык……………………………32
3.2 Лингвопереводческие и лингвокультурологические комментарии….62
Выводы по главе 3…………………………………………………………...73
Заключение……………………………………………………………………....75
Список использованной литературы

Как показал сделанный нами переводческий анализ текста, используемого для перевода, такой проблемой оказалась проблема переводимости тавтограмм и монофонов как мнемонического приема.
Для выполнения данной цели было необходимо решить следующие задачи:
1. Осуществление предпереводческого анализа текста.
2. Выполнение перевода текста на максимально высоком уровне, отмечая при этом все участки текста перевода, где применялись переводческие приемы, изученные в ходе освоения дисциплины теории и практики перевода.
3. Осуществление комментариев по поводу принятых решений, обращая внимание на то, к какому виду они относятся, а именно, к лингвопереводческому или лингвокультурологическому.
4. Выявление и описание наиболее характерной теоретической проблемы, связанной с трудностями перевода и обо снование стратегии ее преодоления.
5. Освещение положения данного вопроса в переводческой ...........

Чехов писал, что «вся суть … в названии книги», а С.Д. Кржижановский считает, что «Заглавие – ведущее книгу словосочетание, выдаваемое автором за главное книги». Л.Н. Толстой требовал, чтобы «Название вытекало из содержания рассказа». Л.С. Выготский в книге «Психология искусства» отмечает «Название дается рассказу, конечно, не зря, оно несет в себе раскрытие самой важной темы, оно намечает ту доминанту, которая определяет собой всё построение рассказа. Некоторые ученые, как например Дресслер, считают, что глубинная структура текста выявляется в отношении, существующим между названием и основным корпусом текста. [Гальперин 2007: 133].
Заглавие текста гиперсемантично, т.к. оно устанавливает самые широкие контекстные связи, в его семантизации участвует весь текст.
Заглавия, по признаниюмногих переводчиков, переводятся последними – перед переводчиком стоит задача, с одной стороны, как можно более точно передать заглавную номинацию, с другой – отразить заключенное в нем образное содержание [Черкасский 1986].
В зависимости от синтаксического типа заголовка, а также характеристики слов, его составляющих, он может заключать в себе информацию разной степени открытости. Так, например, заглавия аллюзивного типа в большей степени связаны с выражением имплицитной информации, апеллирующей к тезаурусу читателя. В свою очередь, заголовки традиционного, именного типа, направлены на отражение содержания текста.
И.Р. Гальперин предлагает классифицировать названия по форме, содержащейся в ней СКИ или СПИ: название-символ, название-тезис, название-цитата, название-сообщение, название-намек, название-повествование.
«Название (заголовок) – это имплицитная максимально сжатая СКИ, причем, как все сжатое, оно стремится к развертыванию, распрямлению» [Гальперин 2007: 134].
Таким образом, правильное понимание заглавия тесно связано с действием интегративных отношений и текстом как интегрирующим феноменом. Содержание сильных позиций становится понятным и значительным только в процессе взаимодействия с остальным текстом. При формально-логической организации текста текстообразующую функцию выполняют заголовки и подзаголовки.
Выводы по главе 2
Проанализировав изученную нами информацию, мы пришли к выводу о том, что тавтограмма по своей сути является в основном приемом, используемым в поэзии, но также может встречаться и в прозе. Тавторгамму также иногда называют монофоном, что имеет отношение именно к текстам. Тавтограмма в основном имеет игровой характер и направлена на развитие речи, воображения и памяти.
При переводе выбранного нами текста мы пришли к выводу о том, что автор намеренно использует прием тавтограммы для акцентирования внимания читателя и облегчения усвоения предложенного им материала. В нашем случае можно говорить о мнемоническом приеме, то есть о стремлении автора сделать информацию более доступной для читателя.
Кроме того, мы должны заметить, что данный прием прослеживается не только в конкретном отрывке текста, а распространяется на весь текст, соединяя при этом его отдельные фрагменты, то есть автор использует прием тавтограммы, учитывая принципы формально-логического построения текста. Соответственно, нам представляется необходимым рассмотреть смысловую и формальную организацию текста, а также выдвижение как способ формальной организации текста, к которому можно отнести прием, применяемый автором статьи.
Итак, мы рассмотрели типы выдвижения в тексте, а именно, сцепление, конвергенцию, обманутое ожидание и сильные позиции текста. Все они являются важнейшими средствами обеспечения помехоустойчивости, логи­ческого построения текста и создания его связности. При этом, следует понимать, что такое понятие как выдвижение в большей степени применимо к художественному тексту и в статьях научно-популярного жанра встречается крайне редко. Но в нашем случае при переводе и анализе статьи мы пришли к выводу о том, что автор применяет такое нехарактерное явление при написании статьи с целью привлечения внимания читательской аудитории.
Другими словами, автор использует прием сцепления, а именно соединяет весь текст с помощью повторений одного элемента – буквы.
Автор также использует стилистический прием - анафору - повторение сходных звуковых элементов.
Более того, автор использует эффект обманутого ожидания, который проявляется в следующем: изначально автор готовит нас к тому, что в списке правил на одну букву будет всего семь пунктов, то есть традиционное построение каких-либо правил, списков. На самом же деле пунктов всего девять. Но автор использует эту конкретную цифру только лишь для того, чтобы текст для читателя имел привычный вид с точки зрения формального построения текста, а далее как бы «случайно» вспоминает про оставшиеся пункты, хотя изначально читатель не ожидал их увидеть.
Кроме того, следует отметить, что все используемые автором пункты – слова из тавтограммы – также являются подзаголовками каждого отдельного абзаца, соединяя весь текст и являются сильными позициями текста, так как нацелены особенно привлекать внимание читателя и отражают основной замысел, идею текста.
Глава 3. Практика перевода
3.1 Перевод исходного текста на русский язык
Communication Skills
Навыки общения
Regardless of the size of your organization – whether it's a large corporation, a small company, or even a home-based business – you need good communication skills if you want to succeed.
With more than 75 individual articles, this communication mini-site teaches you these skills.
We start by looking at the core ideas behind successful communication, and we offer a brief quiz that helps you evaluate your current skills.
We follow by looking at how you can plan an impressive communication, and we then explore how you can communicate successfully in the many different situations that you'll encounter in the workplace.
Introduction to Communication Skills
Why Communications Skills Are So Important
The purpose of communication is to get your message across to others clearly and unambiguously.
Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And it's a process that can be fraught with error, with messages often misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isn't detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity.
In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication.
By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively.
When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you convey do not necessarily reflect your own, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals – both personally and professionally.
In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburgh's Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success.
In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle with this, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas effectively – whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression.
Getting your message across is paramount to progressing. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and cultural context.
Communications Skills – The Importance of Removing Barriers:
Communication barriers can pop-up at every stage of the communication process (which consists of sender, message, channel, receiver, feedback and context – see the diagram below) and have the potential to create misunderstanding and confusion.
Pic 1
To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to lessen the frequency of these barriers at each stage of this process with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications.
You can find out which barriers your communications tend to get stuck at by taking our How Good Are Your Communication Skills? self-test. But in summary, here's some more information about each stage of the communication process:
Source...
As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why you're communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information you're communicating is useful and accurate.
Message...
The message is the information that you want to communicate.
Encoding...
This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion (for example, cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, and missing information.) A key part of this is knowing your audience: Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood.
Channel...
Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing; and written including letters, emails, memos, and reports.
Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, it's not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while you'll quickly cause problems if you criticize someone strongly by email.
Decoding...
Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesn't have enough knowledge to understand the message.
Receiver...
Your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response. To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately.
Feedback...
Your audience will provide you with feedback, verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that allows you to be confident that your audience has understood your message. If you find that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time.
Context...
The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (corporate culture, international cultures, and so on).
Removing Barriers at All These Stages
To deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist in each of these stages of the communication process.
Let's begin with the message itself. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Use of poor verbal and body language can also confuse the message.
Barriers in context tend to stem from senders offering too much information too fast. When in doubt here, less is oftentimes more. It is best to be mindful of the demands on other people's time, especially in today's ultra-busy society.
Once you understand this, you need to work to understand your audience's culture, making sure you can converse and deliver your message to people of different backgrounds and cultures within your own organization, in this country and even abroad.
You can learn 700 similar skills elsewhere on this site. Click here to see our full toolkit. If you like our approach, you can subscribe to our free newsletter, or become a member for just US$1.
The 7 Cs of Communication
A Checklist for Clear Communication
Think of how often you communicate with people during your day. You write emails, facilitate meetings, participate in conference calls, create reports, devise presentations, debate with your colleagues… the list goes on.
We can spend almost our entire day communicating. So, how can we provide a huge boost to our productivity? We can make sure that we communicate in the clearest, most effective way possible.
This is why the 7 Cs of Communication are helpful. The 7 Cs provide a checklist for making sure that your meetings, emails, conference calls, reports, and presentations are well constructed and clear – so your audience gets your message.
According to the 7 Cs, communication needs to be:
Clear.
Concise.
Concrete.
Correct.
Coherent.
Complete.
Courteous.
In this article, we look at each of the 7 Cs of Communication, and we'll illustrate each element with both good and bad examples.
1. Clear
When writing or speaking to someone, be clear about your goal or message. What is your purpose in communicating with this person? If you're not sure, then your audience won't be sure either.
To be clear, try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence. Make sure that it's easy for your reader to understand your meaning. People shouldn't have to "read between the lines" and make assumptions on their own to understand what you're trying to say.
Bad Example
Hi John,
I wanted to write you a quick note about Daniel, who's working in your department. He's a great asset, and I'd like to talk to you more about him when you have time.
Best,
Skip
What is this email about? Well, we're not sure. First, if there are multiple Daniels in John's department, John won't know who Skip is talking about.
Next, what is Daniel doing, specifically, that's so great? We don't know that either. It's so vague that John will definitely have to write back for more information.
Last, what is the purpose of this email? Does Skip simply want to have an idle chat about Daniel, or is there some more specific goal here? There's no sense of purpose to this message, so it's a bit confusing.
Good Example
Let's see how we could change this email to make it clear.
Hi John,
I wanted to write you a quick note about Daniel Kedar, who's working in your department. In recent weeks, he's helped the IT department through several pressing deadlines on his own time.
We've got a tough upgrade project due to run over the next three months, and his knowledge and skills would prove invaluable. Could we please have his help with this work?
I'd appreciate speaking with you about this. When is it best to call you to discuss this further?
Best wishes,
Skip
This second message is much clearer, because the reader has the information he needs to take action.
2. Concise
When you're concise in your communication, you stick to the point and keep it brief. Your audience doesn't want to read six sentences when you could communicate your message in three.
Are there any adjectives or "filler words" that you can delete? You can often eliminate words like "for instance," "you see," "definitely," "kind of," "literally," "basically," or "I mean."
Are there any unnecessary sentences?
Have you repeated the point several times, in different ways?
Bad Example
Hi Matt,
I wanted to touch base with you about the email marketing campaign we kind of sketched out last Thursday. I really think that our target market is definitely going to want to see the company's philanthropic efforts. I think that could make a big impact, and it would stay in their minds longer than a sales pitch.
For instance, if we talk about the company's efforts to become sustainable, as well as the charity work we're doing in local schools, then the people that we want to attract are going to remember our message longer. The impact will just be greater.
What do you think?
Jessica
This email is too long! There's repetition, and there's plenty of "filler" taking up space.
Good Example
Watch what happens when we're concise and take out the filler words:
Hi Matt,
I wanted to quickly discuss the email marketing campaign that we analyzed last Thursday. Our target market will want to know about the company's philanthropic efforts, especially our goals to become sustainable and help local schools.
This would make a far greater impact, and it would stay in their minds longer than a traditional sales pitch.
What do you think?
Jessica
3. Concrete
When your message is concrete, then your audience has a clear picture of what you're telling them. There are details (but not too many!) and vivid facts, and there's laserlike focus. Your message is solid.
Bad Example
Consider this advertising copy:
The Lunchbox Wizard will save you time every day.
A statement like this probably won't sell many of these products. There's no passion, no vivid detail, nothing that creates emotion, and nothing that tells people in the audience why they should care. This message isn't concrete enough to make a difference.
Good Example
How much time do you spend every day packing your kids' lunches? No more! Just take a complete Lunchbox Wizard from your refrigerator each day to give your kids a healthy lunch AND have more time to play or read with them!
This copy is better because there are vivid images. The audience can picture spending quality time with their kids – and what parent could argue with that? And mentioning that the product is stored in the refrigerator explains how the idea is practical. The message has come alive through these details.
4. Correct
When your communication is correct, it fits your audience. And correct communication is also error-free communication.
Do the technical terms you use fit your audience's level of education or knowledge?
Have you checked your writing for grammatical errors? Remember, spell checkers won't catch everything.
Are all names and titles spelled correctly?
Bad Example
Hi Daniel,
Thanks so much for meeting me at lunch today! I enjoyed our conservation, and I'm looking forward to moving ahead on our project. I'm sure that the two-weak deadline won't be an issue.
Thanks again, and I'll speak to you soon!
Best,
Jack Miller
If you read that example fast, then you might not have caught any errors. But on closer inspection, you'll find two. Can you see them?
The first error is that the writer accidentally typed conservation instead of conversation. This common error can happen when you're typing too fast. The other error is using weak instead of week.
Again, spell checkers won't catch word errors like this, which is why it's so important to proofread everything!
5. Coherent
When your communication is coherent, it's logical. All points are connected and relevant to the main topic, and the tone and flow of the text is consistent.
Bad Example
Traci,
I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished last week. I gave it to Michelle to proof, and she wanted to make sure you knew about the department meeting we're having this Friday. We'll be creating an outline for the new employee handbook.
Thanks,
Michelle
As you can see, this email doesn't communicate its point very well. Where is Michelle's feedback on Traci's report? She started to mention it, but then she changed the topic to Friday's meeting.
Good Example
Hi Traci,
I wanted to write you a quick note about the report you finished last week. I gave it to Michelle to proof, and she let me know that there are a few changes that you'll need to make. She'll email you her detailed comments later this afternoon.
Thanks,
Michelle