Взаимодействие английского языка и русского языка в межкультурном пространстве

Данная выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена вопросу взаимодействия английского и русского языков в межкультурном пространстве. Работа состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка использованной литературы и двух приложений.
Работа защищена на отлично в 2014 году ...

Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5

1. Theoretical survey

Globalization and English-Russian relations development................................... 7

1.1. Globalization in modern society .................................................................... 7

1.2. About the history of Anglo-Russian relations .............................................. 12

1.3. Russian language in the world culture ......................................................... 16

1.3.1. Influence of the Russian language on the English language .......................... 18

1.4. English language in the globalized community ........................................... 20

1.4.1. Appearance of anglicisms in the Russian language and their assimilation25

Results of the theoretical survey ......................................................................... 27

2. Linguistic investigation

Interaction of Russian and English languages in modern world......................... 30

2.1. Lacuna Theory.............................................................................................. 31

2.2. Russianisms in the English language ........................................................... 32

2.3. Anglicisms in the Russian language............................................................. 39

Results of the linguistic investigation ................................................................. 46

Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 48

Bibiography ......................................................................................................... 50

Appendix 1 .......................................................................................................... 54

Appendix 2 .......................................................................................................... 9

The theme of this paper presents the problem of interconnection between the

Russian and the English languages. It is obvious that the interconnection of

languages can be made within different languages and different time periods. The

most important elements (words) that became characteristic of a language due to this

process are to be analyzed within our work. We are to find out the spheres of usage

of these words and to discover the scientific approaches to the problem of loan-

words usage expediency.

The actuality of the paper is conditioned by the fact that along with the rapid

development of intercultural relationship, loan words have penetrated every corner

of society.

The English and the Russian languagesbelong to the same language family. This explains the fact that in so many words inboth languages there are roots of their common ancient proto-language, for example,be – быть, three – три, talk – толковать, eat – есть, widow – вдова, etc. We canalso pay attention to the names of family members, for example, son – сын, brother– брат, sister – сестра, mother – мама.We should not forget the fact that a large number of common words in theEnglish and the Russian languages are derived from Greek and Latin roots. In theMiddle Ages, Latin was the international language of scholars, a huge number ofwords that have become international passed through it into all European languages.For example, the main technical and medical terminology has come to us from Latin.There are words that appeared as a result of the interaction between the English andthe Russian languages.Two options can be considered here:1) Borrowing of English words by the Russian language. In recent years, theRussian language has been replenished by a huge number of English words. This islargely due to the fact that most of the terms used in practice and in everyday lifewere invented in English (the dealer, broker, marketing, etc.). New words wereneeded to describe the new professions, fields of activity, etc. Words withoutequivalent in the Russian language have been borrowed from the English language;2) Borrowing of Russian words by the English language:49a.Thetranslationofthe Russianwords,whichenteredthelanguage in the time of the October Revolution. For example, единоличник –individualpeasant; бедняк – poorpeasant; середняк – middlepeasant; колхоз –collectivе farm; колхозник – collectivefarmer; прогрессивная система оплатытруда (прогрессивка) – progressive piece-rate system.b.The use of hybrid loan words, i.e. formed both from the Russian and theEnglish languages, for example, Soviet Union, Sovietpower, komsomol - YoungCommunist League; piatiletka – five-year-plan; sovkhoz – statefarm.c.International words. These words are characterized by the fact that theywere introduced in the language in one of the countries, and then moved into thevocabulary of other languages.As it is shown above, socio-cultural and extra-linguistic factors determine theinfluence of one language on another. Thus, the lexicon is the first to be under theinfluence.50Bibliography1.2.Brown, A., The Gorbachev Factor. Oxford: University Press, 1997Crystal, D., English as a Global Language. 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Edited by Simpson, J.,Weiner, E.: Clarendon Press, - 198910.11.http://www.etymonline.com/http://www.merriam-webster.com/54Appendix 1 – Russian loanwords in EnglishDictionaries used as sources:1. Online Etymology Dictionary (www.etymonline.com)2. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (www.merriam-webster.com)3. Oxford English Dictionary (OED)CommonLexical UnitSource/OriginMeaningUsageSource1.BabushkaI. 1938, from Russian babushka “grandmother”II. grandmother, diminutive of baba – oldwoman, First Known Use: 1938III. Russian, “grandmother”.I. type of head covering for womenII.1. a: a usually triangularly foldedkerchief for the head;b: a head covering (as a scarf)resembling a babushka2. an elderly Russian womanIII. 1. (In Russia) an old woman orgrandmother.1.1. North American A headscarf tiedunder the chin, typical of thosetraditionally worn by Russianwomen.II.an elderlyRussian womanwith a babushkaI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED2.BalalaikaI. 1788, from Russian balalaika, said to berelated to balabolit ‘to chatter, babble’, animitative wordII. Russian, First Known Use: 1780I. stringed instrument with atriangular bodyII. a usually 3-stringed instrument ofRussian origin with a triangular bodyI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-55III. Late 18th century: from Russian, of Tartarorigin.played by plucking or strummingIII. A Russian musical instrumentlike a guitar with a triangular bodyand typically three strings.webster.comIII. – OED3.BalaclavaI. The town name (Balaklava) often is said to befrom Turkish, but is perhaps folk-etymologizedfrom a Greek original PalakionII. Balaclava, Crimea, site of a Britishencampment during the Crimean War, FirstKnown Use: 1941III.late 19th century (worn originally by soldierson active service in the Crimean War): namedafter the port of Balaclava in the CrimeaI. “woolen head covering”, especiallyworn by soldiers, evidently named forvillage near Sebastopol, Russia, siteof a battle Oct. 25, 1854, in theCrimean War. But the term(originally Balaclava helmet) doesnot appear before 1881 and seems tohave come into widespread use in theBoer War. The British troops sufferedfrom the cold in the Crimean War,and the usage might be aremembrance of that conflict.II. a warm hat that covers the head,neck, and most of the faceIII. A close-fitting garment coveringthe whole head and neck except forparts of the face, typically made ofwool.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED4.BoyarI. 1590s, from Russian boyarin, perhaps fromboji “struggle,” or from Slavic root *bol- “great”II. Russian boyarin. First Known Use: 1591I. member of a Russian aristocraticclass (abolished by Peter the Great)II. a member of a Russianaristocratic order next in rank belowIII. ‘From the15th to the 17thcenturiesMuscoviteboyars formed aI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-56III. late 16th century: from Russian boyarin‘grandee’.the ruling princes until its abolitionby Peter the GreatIII. historicalA member of the old aristocracy inRussia, next in rank to a prince: [asmodifier]: the rise of the boyar class]closedaristocratic classdrawn fromabout 200families.’webster.comIII. – OED5.Brige gameI. An alteration of biritch, but the source andmeaning of that are obscureII. -III. -I. card game, 1886 (perhaps as earlyas 1843),“Probably of Levantineorigin, since some form of the gameappears to have been long known inthe Near East” [OED]. One guess isthat it represents Turkish *bir-üç“one-three”, because one hand isexposed and three are concealed. Thegame also was known early asRussian whist (attested in Englishfrom 1839).II. -III. -I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED6.CosmonautI. 1959, Englishing of Russian kosmonavt,ultimately from Greek kosmos + nautes “sailor”II. Russian kosmonavt, from Greek kosmos +Russian -navt (as in aeronavt aeronaut), FirstKnown Use: 1955III. 1950s: fromcosmos, on the pattern ofastronaut and Russian kosmonavtI. -II. an astronaut in the space programof Russia or the former Soviet UnionI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED57III. A Russian astronaut.7.GulagI. rough acronym from Russian Glavnoeupravlenie ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei“Chief Administration of Corrective LaborCamps,” set up in 1931II. Russian, from Glavnoe upravlenieispravitel’no-trudovykh lagereĭ (chiefadministration of corrective labor camps), FirstKnown Use: 1974III.Russian, from G(lavnoe)u(pravlenieispravitelʹno-trudovykh) lag(ereĭ)‘Chief Administration for Corrective LabourCamps’I. system of prisons and labor camps,especially for political detainees, inthe former Soviet UnionII. the penal system of the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics consistingof a network of labor campsIII. A system of labour campsmaintained in the Soviet Union from1930 to 1955 in which many peopledied.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED8.IntelligentsiaI. 1905, from Russian intelligyentsia, from Latinintelligentia. Perhaps via Italian intelligenziaII. Russian intelligentsiya, from Latinintelligentia intelligence, First Known Use: 1907III. early 20th century: from Russianintelligentsiya, from Polish inteligencja, fromLatin intelligentiaI. the intellectual class collectivelyII. a group of intelligent and well-educated people who guide or try toguide the political, artistic, or socialdevelopment of their societyIII. Intellectuals or highly educatedpeople as a group, especially whenregarded as possessing culture andpolitical influenceIII. ‘a distrust ofthe intelligentsiaand oftheoreticallearning’ ,’thebelief that theliberalintelligentsia isruining thecountry’I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED9.KazakhI. from the indigenous Kazakh people (from theTurkish root kazak “nomad”)II. Russian kazakh, from Kazakh kazak, FirstI. -II. 1. a member of a Turkic people ofI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-58Known Use: 1832III. Russian, from TurkicKazakhstan and other countries ofcentral Asia; 2. the language of theKazakhsIII. 1.A member of a people livingchiefly in Kazakhstan. Traditionallynomadic, Kazakhs are predominantlySunni Muslims; 2. [mass noun] TheTurkic language of the Kazakhs, withover 7 million speakers.webster.comIII. – OED10.KnoutI. -II. Russian knut, of Scandinavian origin; akin toOld Norse knūtr knot; akin to Old Englishcnotta, First Known Use: 1716III.mid 17th century: via French from Russianknut, from Old Norse knútrI. -II. a whip used for floggingIII. (In imperial Russia) a whip usedto inflict punishment, often causingdeath.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED11.KopeckI. From Russian kopeika, from kop’e “lance”(cognate with Greek kopis “chopper, cleaver”)II. Russian kopeĭka, First Known Use: 1669III. from Russian kopeĭka, diminutive of kop’ë“lance” (from the figure on the coin (1535) ofTsar Ivan IV, bearing a lance instead of a sword)I. 1/100 of a ruble; so called becausethe coin showed the czar with lancein handII. a monetary subunit of the rubleIII. A monetary unit of Russia andsome other countries of the formerSoviet Union, equal to one hundredthof a rouble.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED12.KremlinI. 1660s, Cremelena. From Old Russiankremlinu, later kremlin (1796), from kreml’I. Originally the citadel of anyRussian city, now especially the oneIII. ‘Cities suchas Moscow,I. -59“citadel, fortress,” perhaps of Tartar origin. Themodern form of the word in English might bevia FrenchII.obsolete German Kremelien the citadel ofMoscow, ultimately from Old Russian kremlĭ,First Known Use: 1662III.mid 17th century: via French from Russiankreml’ “citadel”.in Moscow. Used metonymically for“government of the U.S.S.R.” from1933.II.1: the citadel of a Russian city; 2.capitalized [the Kremlin, citadel ofMoscow and seat of government ofRussia and formerly of the Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics] : theRussian governmentIII.1. A citadel within a Russiantown; 1.1 (the Kremlin) The citadelin Moscow; 1.2The Russian or(formerly) USSR government.Novgorod,Pskov, andYaroslavl grewaround the oldfortresses(kremlins) andmonasteries thatformed theircenters and nearthe gates whereartisans andtraders peddledtheir goods. ’InWashington, thewww.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OEDgovernment veilsitself ever furtherinside the foldsof ‘nationalsecurity,’ asfederal buildingslook increasinglylike kremlins.’The kremlinwas establishedin the 11thcentury and isone of theearliest to havestone defenses.’6013.MammothI. 1706, from Russian mammot’, probably fromOstyak, a Finno-Ugric language of northernRussia (cf. Finnish maa “earth”). Because theremains were dug from the earth, the animal wasbelieved to root like a mole. As an adjective,“gigantic”, from 1802; in this sense “the wordappears to be originally American” [Thornton,“American Glossary”], and its first uses are inderogatory accounts to the cheese wheel, morethan 4 feet in diameter, sent to PresidentJefferson by the ladies of the Baptistcongregation in Cheshire, Mass., as a present,engraved with the motto “Rebellion to tyrants isobedience to God.” Federalist editors mockedthe affair, and called up the word mammoth(known from Peale's exhibition) to characterizeitII.Russian mamont, mamot, First Known Use:1706III. early 18th century: from Russian mamo(n)t,probably of Siberian origin.I. -II. 1. a type of large, hairy elephantthat lived in ancient times and thathad very long tusks that curvedupward; 2. something that is verylargeIII.A large extinct elephant of thePleistocene epoch, typically hairywith a sloping back and long curvedtusks. Genus Mammuthus, familyElephantidae: several species.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED14.MatryoshkaI. -II. -III.1940s: from Russian matrëshka.I. -II. -III.another term for Russian doll.I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED6115.NihilismI. 1817, “the doctrine of negation” (in referenceto religion or morals), from German Nihilismus,from Latin nihil “nothing at all”, coined byGerman philosopher Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi(1743-1819)II. RussianI. In philosophy, an extreme form ofskepticism (1836). The political sensewas first used by German journalistJoseph von Görres (1776-1848).Turgenev used the Russian form ofthe word (nigilizm) in "Fathers andChildren" (1862) and claimed to haveinvented it. With a capital N-, itIII. ‘Thus, from aNietzscheanperspective,nihilism is theunforeseenconsequence ofthe KantianI. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OEDIII.Russianrefers to the Russian revolutionaryanarchism of the period 1860-1917,supposedly so called because"nothing" that then existed foundfavor in their eyes.II. 1.: the belief that traditionalmorals, ideas, beliefs, etc., have noworth or value2.: the belief that a society's politicaland social institutions are so bad thatthey should be destroyed— ni·hil·ist noun or adjectiveII. 1. The rejection of all religiousand moral principles, often in thebelief that life is meaningless.More example sentencesSynonyms1.1 Philosophy The belief thatnothing in the world has a realexistence.1.2 historical The doctrine of anextreme Russian revolutionary partycirca 1900 which found nothing toapprove of in the established socialorder.critique ofmetaphysics.’6216.NyetI. -II. RussianIII. -I. -II. noIII. -I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED17.PogromI. 1882, from Yiddish pogrom, from Russianpogromu “devastation, destruction”, from po-“by, through, behind, after” (cognate with Latinpost-; see post-) + gromu “thunder, roar,” fromPIE imitative root *ghrem-II.Yiddish, from Russian, literally, devastation,First Known Use: 1903III.early 20th century: from Russian, literally‘devastation’, from gromit ‘destroy by the use ofviolence’.I. -II.the organized killing of manyhelpless people usually because oftheir race or religionIII.An organized massacre of aparticular ethnic group, in particularthat of Jews in Russia or easternEuropeIII. ‘the Nazisbegan a pogromagainst Jewishpeople inGermany’I. -www.etymonline.comII. - www.merriam-webster.comIII. – OED18.RubleI.