Первые университеты в Великобритании

Реферат Первые университеты в Великобритании на английском языке.
Оригинальный текст. Есть введение, основная часть, заключение.
Всего 17 ст. ...

Introduction 2
1. British educational system's history 3
§ 1. British educational system of XII century 3
§ 2. Modern British educational system 5
2. The first universities in Britain 6
§ 1. British first universities' history 6
§ 2. British first universities nowadays 10
Conclusion 16
References 17

Universities in Britain are a magnet for overseas students. There are currently over 200,000 from outside Britain studying at British universities [2].
But why is the UK such a popular destination for university students? Well, the quality of your course is guaranteed. All courses are assessed by an independent system. The British education system is very flexible in order to provide for the needs of a modern, complex society. It is also cost-effective. There are lots of scholarships available.

The masters were recognized as a universitas or corporation in 1231.Rioting between "town and gown" (the townspeople and the students) resulted in the establishment of primitive halls of residence which became the first Oxford colleges - University College was established in 1249, Balliol in 1260 and Merton in 1264. These early colleges were founded by bishops and catered exclusively for wealthy graduates [6].Less than a century later, Oxford had achieved eminence above every other seat of learning, and won the praises of popes, kings and sages by virtue of its antiquity, curriculum, doctrine and privileges. In 1355, Edward III paid tribute to the University for its invaluable contribution to learning; he also commented on the services rendered to the state by distinguished Oxford graduates [6]. The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the Reformation and the breaking of ties with the Roman Catholic Church, Recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai. The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval Scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. In 1636, Chancellor William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university's statutes; these to a large extent remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the inception of the Church of England until 1866 membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from Oxford, and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871 [6].The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642–1649), while the town favored the opposing Parliamentarian cause. From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts.The mid nineteenth century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833–1845), led among others by the future Cardinal Newman. The influence of the reformed model of German university reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey, Benjamin Jowett and Max Muller [6].The system of separate honor schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores. Schools for Natural Sciences and Law, and Modern History were added in 1853. By 1872 the latter was split into Jurisprudence and Modern History, and Theology was the sixth honor school. In addition to these BA Honours degrees, the post-graduate Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) was (and still is) offered.Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women's colleges. Twentieth century Privy Council decisions (such as the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of theological bequests to colleges to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Although the University's emphasis traditionally had been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded in the course of the 19th century to encompass scientific and medical studies. Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required for admission until 1920, and Latin until 1960 [6].The mid twentieth century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and Communism, relocating to Oxford.The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to British politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. More than forty Nobel laureates and more than fifty world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.The University passed a Statute in 1875 allowing its delegates to create examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level. The first four women's colleges were established thanks to the activism of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women (AEW) [6]. Oxford was long considered a bastion of male privilege, and it was not until 7 October 1920 that women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees. In 1927 the University's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.However, before the 1970s all Oxford colleges were for men or women only, so that the number of women was effectively limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.In 1974 Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine's became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women. In 2008 the last single sex college, St Hilda's, admitted its first men, meaning all colleges are now co-residential. By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female; the ratio is now about 48:52 in men's favor [6].The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy Sayers – herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford – takes place in a (fictional) women's college at Oxford, and the issue of women's education is central to its plot.Talking about Cambridge university it is known that in that time some Oxford scholars became tired of the hostility of the townspeople and in 1209 they moved to Cambridge. At first they lived in lodgings, then houses were hired as hostels with a Master in charge of the students. By 1226 the scholars had formed themselves into an organization, represented by an official called a Chancellor [5].They studied what we might now describe as an 'arts foundation course' in grammar, logic and rhetoric. Further studies - in arithmetic, music, geometry and astronomy - led to the degrees of bachelor and master. There were no professors: the teaching was conducted by masters who had themselves undertaken the course and who had been approved or 'licensed' by their colleagues (the universitas). Thus the role of teachers began to be formalized: they were licensed rather than simply appointed, and university degrees were licenses to teach. Some of the masters went on to advanced studies in divinity and law, and a few studied medicine [5].In order to avoid abuse of the royal privileges which were conferred on scholars, steps were taken to identify and authenticate those who had gained degrees. The first step was enrolment with a licensed master - called 'matriculation' because the scholar's name had to appear on the master's "matricula" or roll. The university itself later assumed this duty. Stages in a scholar's progress were marked by 'graduation' ceremonies, with the grades differentiated by variations in the gown, hood and cap. Reminders of these terms and practices survive to this day (University of Cambridge: a brief history) [5].To sum up, the first universities in Britain were established in XII century. The main features of the educational process at Oxford and Cambridge universities in that time were the preparation of highly qualified specialists: priests, lawyers, doctors. The main purpose which distinguished universities from monasteries was transmission of know ledges: sciences, philosophy, logic, mathematics [5].§ 2. British first universities nowadaysThe first universities in Britain are the most popular and considered to be the best in Britain nowadays. One of the most prestigious universities in the world, the University of Oxford attracts top scholars and students to its 44 colleges and halls. Entry standards are high and admissions are competitive; in 2015 there were 18,000 undergraduate applications for only 3,200 places, and 24,000 postgraduate applications for 5,200 places [4, p. 35].As is common in the UK, the university offers a number of joint honors programmes that combine two subjects at undergraduate level. In total, there are 250 different undergraduate degree combinations. The combination of philosophy, politics and economics is a particularly prestigious degree course on offer, although it is no longer unique to the University of Oxford.Undergraduates and postgraduates belong to a college and often live in the college building or college-owned accommodation. Social life and recreational activities - such as rowing, cultural events and shared-interest societies – also revolve around the college. Undergraduates are taught almost exclusively by tutors in their college, while postgraduate students are primarily served academically by a centralized faculty [4, p. 38].There are more than 100 libraries in Oxford, the most famous of which is the Bodleian, built in 1602. The small town also boasts a number of museums, including the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, which houses the remains of a dodo, and the Museum of the History of Science, which displays a blackboard used by Albert Einstein. Gifted men and women have studied or taught at the University throughout its history. Among them are 27 British Prime Ministers, at least 30 international leaders, 50 Nobel Prize winners, and 120 Olympic medal winners [5]. Amongst Oxford students and faculty are many widely influential scientists, artists and prominent figures in nearly every profession. Contemporary scientists include Stephen Hawking, Nobel prize-winner Anthony James Leggett, and Tim Berners Lee, co-inventor of the world wide web; actors Hugh Grant, Kate Beckinsale, Dudley Moore and Richard Burton studied at the University, as did film-maker Ken Loach; Evelyn Waugh, Lewis Carroll, Aldous Huxley, Oscar Wilde, Vikram Seth and the poets Shelley, Donne, Auden and Philip Larkin are amongst the long list of writers associated with Oxford. Explorers such as Lawrence of Arabia and Walter Raleigh, along with modern media magnate Rupert Murdoch were also former students [5].Within six months of graduating from the university, 95 per cent of Oxford students are in employment or further study.During the 20th and early 21st centuries, Oxford added to its humanistic core a major new research capacity in the natural and applied sciences, including medicine. In so doing, it has enhanced and strengthened its traditional role as an international focus for learning and a forum for intellectual debate.Oxford's distinctive governance structure stems from its long history [5].1. CongregationCongregation is the sovereign body of the University and acts as its ‘parliament’. It has just over 5,000 members, including academic staff; heads and other members of governing bodies of colleges; and senior research, computing, library and administrative staff.2. Congregation has responsibility for:Approving changes to the University’s statutes and regulations;Considering major policy issues submitted by Council or members of Congregation;Electing members to Council and other University bodies, and approving the appointment of the Vice-Chancellor.3. CouncilCouncil is the University’s principal executive and policy-making body. It is responsible for the academic policy and strategic direction of the University, for its administration, and for the management of its finances and property. It has five major committees: Education Committee, General Purposes Committee, Personnel Committee, Planning and Resource Allocation Committee, and Research Committee.4. CollegesThe 38 colleges, though independent and self-governing, form a core element of the University, to which they are related in a federal system.