Категория комического в тексте типа

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ 3
ГЛАВА 1. ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ КАТЕГОРИИ КОМИЧЕСКОГО 6
1.1.Категория комического как объект междисциплинарных исследований 6
1.2.Лингвокогнитивное исследование комического 10
1.3.Особенности анекдота. Анекдот как компрессивная форма актуализации категории комического 12
ВЫВОДЫ ПО ГЛАВЕ 1 18
ГЛАВА 2. РАЗНОУРОВНЕВЫЕ ПРИЕМЫ ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ИГРЫ КАК СРЕДСТВА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ КАТЕГОРИИ КОМИЧЕСКОГО В АНЕКДОТЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 20
2.1. Фонетические/фонологические и графические средства 20
2.2. Морфологические средства 22
2.3. Лексические средства 23
2.4. Синтаксические средства 25
ВЫВОДЫ ПО ГЛАВЕ 2: 27
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ 28
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ 31
ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ 34

В анекдотах находит отражение национально-обусловленная языковая картина мира англичан и американцев. Безусловно, анекдоту также присущ и универсальный характер. Процесс порождения комического смысла подчиняется лингвистическим принципам, под которыми понимается закономерность формирования и функционирования единиц языка, обусловленная их системным потенциалом и фундаментальными свойствами системы языка.
Категория комического тесно связана с языковой игрой, которую можно определить как осознанное и целенаправленное использование экспрессивных ресурсов речи, имеющее установку на создание комического эффекта [2, 3].
В англоязычном анекдоте выделяют разноуровневые лингвистические приемы создания языковой игры: графические, фонетические, фонологические, морфологические, лексические и синтаксические. В ходе исследования в качестве наиболее популярного приема создания языковой игры и комического эффекта были выявлены лексические приемы.
Известно, что тексты, содержащие языковую игру, часто используются в коммуникации, в том числе и межъязыковой коммуникации. Способность человека понимать комическое основано не только на отличном знании языка, но и на неоднозначности языковой единицы, которая подразумевает, что получатель должен удерживать в памяти одно значение слова/словосочетания, в то время как в процессе восприятия комического текста (анекдота) внимание переносится на другое значение. Обучение этой способности – важнейшая задача в подготовке специалиста в области иностранных языков и межкультурной коммуникации.
СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
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Дзюба С.А. Best English jokes. М.: АСТ, 2016. 96 с.
Калинцева М.О. Некоторые особенности репрезентации комического на примере испанских анекдотов (когнитивный аспект) / М.О. Калинцева // «Актуальные вопросы теоретической и прикладной испанистики». «Теоретические и прикладные аспекты испанской лингвистики». Секция № 15. «Университетские чтения - 2010». Материалы научно-методических чтений ПГЛУ. Часть V. Пятигорск: ПГЛУ, 2010. С. 118-123.
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ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ
British and American funny stories and anecdotes
1. The wits say that everybody seems to be dieting in California. They are even planning to divide the state into No-Cal and Low-Cal.
2. He: “He always calls his wife Fair Lady.”
She: “How romantic. Why does he call her Fair Lady?”
He: “It’s a habit. He used to be a street-car conductor.”
3. If 4 out of 5 people SUFFER from diarrhea ... does that mean that one enjoys it?
4. Crowded elevators smell different to midgets.
5. God must love stupid people. He made so many!
6. I saw a woman wearing a sweat shirt with “Guess” on it ... so I said “Implants?”
7. A clear conscience is usually the sign of a bad memory.
8. We never really grow up, we only learn how to act in public.
9. Did you know that dolphins are so smart that within a few weeks of captivity, they can train people to stand on the very edge of the pool and throw them fish?
10. To steal ideas from one person is plagiarism. To steal from many is research.
11. My mother never saw the irony in calling me a son-of-a-bitch.
12. “Where’s the English channel?” “I don’t know – our TV doesn’t pick it up.”
13. How is it one careless match can start a forest fire, but it takes a whole box to start a campfire?
14. A bus station is where a bus stops. A train station is where a train stops. On my desk, I have a work station.
15. Evening news is where they begin with 'Good evening', and then proceed to tell you why it is not.
16. Why does someone believe you when you say there are four billion stars, but check when you say the paint is wet?
17. A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing.
18. I thought I wanted a career, turns out I just wanted paychecks.
19. If you think nobody cares if you're alive, try missing a couple of payments.
20. Children: You spend the first 2 years of their life teaching them to walk and talk. Then you spend the next 16 years telling them to sit down and shut-up.
21. A bank is a place that will lend you money, if you can prove that you do not need it.
22. Laugh at your problems, everybody else does.
23. Going to church does not make you a Christian any more than standing in a garage makes you a car.
24. We live in a society where pizza gets to your house before the police.
25. The voices in my head may not be real, but they have some good ideas!
26. Whenever I fill out an application, in the part that says “If an emergency, notify: “I put” DOCTOR”. What's my mother going to do?
27. A porter in a British hotel comes upon an American tourist impatiently jabbing at the button for the lift. “Sir, the lift will be here in a moment.” “Lift? Lift?” replies the American. “Oh, you mean the elevator.” “No sir, here we call it a lift.” “Well, as it was invented in the United States, it’s called an elevator.” “Yes sir, but as the language was invented here, it’s called a lift.”
28. I asked God for a bike, but I know God does not work that way. So I stole a bike and asked for forgiveness.
29. Never, under any circumstances, take a sleeping pill and a laxative on the same night.
30. Women will never be equal to men until they can walk down the street with a bald head and a beer gut, and still think they are sexy.
31. The last thing I want to do is hurt you. But it's still on the list.
32. I want to die peacefully in my sleep, like my grandfather. Not screaming and yelling like the passengers in his car.
33. Mom and Dad were trying to console Susie, whose dog had recently died. “You know, it’s not your fault that the dog died. He’s probably up in heaven right now, having a grand old time with God.” Susie, still crying, said, “What would God want with a dead?”
34. Light travels faster than sound. This is why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.
35. I did not say it was your fault, I said I was blaming you.
36. Artificial intelligence is no match for natural stupidity.
37. War does not determine who is right - only who is left.
38. “What’s the difference between my ex-wife and the Panama Canal?” Answer: “One’s busy ditch and the other’s dizzy bitch.”
39. The early bird might get the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese.
40. Behind every successful man is his woman. Behind the fall of a successful man is usually another woman.
41. The shinbone is a device for finding furniture in a dark room.
42. If I agreed with you we'd both be wrong.
43. Poet: Have you got my books of poems? Lady: Oh, yes, I have. It is lovely! I wonder where it is… Lady’s little son: It is under the leg of the table, Mummy.
44. I did not fight my way to the top of the food chain to be a vegetarian.
45. One day Mongo is in his back yard digging a hole. His neighbour, seeing him there, decides to investigate. “What are you doing?” he asked. Mongo replies, “My goldfish died and I’m burying him.” “That’s an awful big for a goldfish, isn’t it?” asked the neighbour. Mongo shot back, “That’s because he’s inside your ugly cat!”
46. Some people are like Slinkies ... not really good for anything, but you can not help smiling when you see one tumble down the stairs.
47. Joe: “I love you. I love you. Won’t you be my wife?” Jess: You must see mama first.” Joe: “I have seen her several times, but I love you just the same.”
48. Do not argue with an idiot. He will drag you down to his level and beat you with experience.
49. Politicians and diapers have one thing in common. They should both be changed regularly, and for the same reason.
50. Two friends meet. The first asks: “Have you got a cigarette?” “No, I no longer buy them,” answers the second. “Why not?” “To stop your smoking”.
51. Robert went to his lawyer and said, “I would like to make a will but I don't know exactly how to go about it.'” The lawyer smiled at Robert and replied, “Not a problem, leave it all to me. Robert looked somewhat upset and said, “Well, I knew you were going to take a big portion, but I would like to leave a little to my family too!”
52. If God is watching us, the least we can do is be entertaining.
53. A policeman spotted a jay walker and decided to challenge him, “Why are you trying to cross here when there's a zebra crossing only 20 metres away?” “Well,” replied the jay walker, “I hope it's having better luck than me.”
54. A man went to visit a friend and was amazed to find him playing chess with his dog. He watched the game in astonishment for a while. “I can hardly believe my eyes!” he exclaimed. “That's the smartest dog I've ever seen.”
55. “Nah, he's not so smart,” the friend replied. "I've beaten him three games out of five.”
56. A speaker talking for more than two hours said to his audience: “I am sorry, I spoke so long. You see, I haven’t got a watch with me.” “Yes,” shouted one of the audience, “but there is a calendar back of you.”
57. Some people are like Slinkies ... not really good for anything, but you can not help smiling when you see one tumble down the stairs.
58. Man: Can I give you a lift? Girl: No, thank you. I live in a bungalow.
59. President Clinton died and knocked at the Pearly Gates. “Who goes there?” inquired St. Peter. “It's me, Bill Clinton.” “What bad things did you do on earth?” Clinton thought a bit and answered, “Well, I smoked marijuana, but you shouldn't hold that against me because I didn't inhale. And I lied, but I didn't commit perjury.” After several moments of deliberation St. Peter replied, “OK, here's the deal. We'll send you someplace where it is very hot, but we won't call it 'Hell.' You'll be there for an indefinite period of time, but we won't call it 'eternity.' And don't 'abandon all hope' upon entering, just don't hold your breath waiting for it to freeze over.”
60. Reagan, rule, or reign?
61. Silicon shrinks; sex still sells.
62. Flirtation is all attention.
63. “Who’s calling?” was the answer to the telephone call.
“Is this James Brown?”
“ No, this is Knott”
“Please tell me your name.”
“Will Knott”.
Where upon they both hung up.
64. A linguistics professor was lecturing his class one day. “In English”, he said, “A double negative forms a positive. In some languages, though, such as Russian, a double negative is still a negative. However, there is no language wherein a double positive can form a negative.” A loud voice from the back of the room piped up, “Yeah, right.”
65. Knowledge is knowing a tomato is a fruit; Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.
66. This scarlet woman. Was she scarlet all over, or was it just her face was red?
67. A bus station is where a bus stops. A train station is where a train stops. On my desk, I have a work station.
68. What's the chicken like? — It doesn't like anything. It is dead.
69. God must hate the common people, because he made them so common.
70. Professor: “Time is money. How do you prove it?” Student: Well, if you give twenty-five cents to a couple of people, that is a quarter to two.
71. He: “My treasure!” She: “My treasury!”
72. Pessimist’s answers:
“Marriage?” – “Declaration of War.”
“Divorce?” – “Declaration of Peace.”
“Alimony?” – “Taxation without Representation.”
73. Wife (to her husband reading his morning newspaper): “When you were courting me you used to be attentive.”
Husband: My dear, who is worried about missing his train when he’s on it?”
74. “Do you think the speaker put enough fire into his speech?” “The trouble was that he didn’t put enough of his speech in the fire.”
75. It was a deathbed scene, but the director was not satisfied with the hero’s acting. “Come on!” he cried. “Put more life in your death.”
76. For the academics: The difference between theory and practice in practice is greater than the difference between theory and practice in theory.
77. Mind your till and till your mind.
78. You see, he lost his health getting wealthy, and then lost his wealth to get healthy.
79. It was Einstein who made the real trouble. He announced in 1905 that there was no such thing as absolute rest. After that there was never.
80. At a local coffee bar, a young woman was expounding on her idea of the perfect mate to some of her friends. “The man I marry must be a shining light amongst company. He must be musical. Tell jokes. Sing. And stay home at night!” An old granny overheard and spoke up, “Honey, if that’s all you want, get a TV!”
81. A small child met his new teacher for the first time. ”Are you good?” asked the teacher. “I am the sort of boy my mummy tells me not to play with.”
82. Mother (in a low tone): Tommy, your grandfather is very sick. Can’t you say something nice to him to cheer him a bit?” Tommy: Grandfather, wouldn’t you like to have soldiers at your funeral?”
83. Men are like remote controls. Simple. Easy to use. And usually lying around a TV.
84. A son at college wrote his father: “No mon, no fun, your son.” The father answered: “How sad, too bad, your dad.”
85. She: “You remind me of the ocean.” He: “Wild, romantic and restless?” “No, you just make me sick.”
86. Better to remain silent and be thought a fool, than to speak and remove all doubt.
87. Men are like computers. Hard to figure out and never enough money.
88. “What is a bikini?” “It’s a fishing net to nap men.”
89. “When is it the worst weather for rats and hares?” “When it rains cats and dogs.”
90. What is the best key for unlocking the tongue?” “Whiskey.”
91. ”How do crazy people go through the forest?” “They take the psycho path.”
92. A woman goes into a hairdresser 's in Newcastle and says, “Can I have a perm, please?” And the hairdresser goes, “I wandered lonely as a cloud...”
93. “What is a Quark?” “The noise a well-bred duck makes.”
94. “Which is the strongest day of the week?” “Sunday, because the other days are week days.”
95. “What happens to liars when they die?” “They lie still.”
96. The word ‘politics’ is derived from the words ‘poly’ meaning ‘many’ and the word ‘tics’ meaning blood sucking parasites.
97. Americanism: Trying to make hotels look more like homes, trying to make homes look more like hotels.
98. Johny: Aunt Joan, can you help me with my arithmetic? I want to find the lowest common denominator. Aunt Joan: Good heavens, they were hunting for that when I was a child.
99. Teacher: “What’s wrong in the sentence: Ann didn’t go to the library yesterday as she had had a birthday?”
Student: “If the sentence which had had had had had had, it would have been correct.”
100. “Knock! Knock! Who’s there?” “Arthur.” “Arthur? Arthur-any-more-biscuits?”
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