Reducing the influence of individual cognitive biases".

Contents
Contents 2
INTRODUCTION 3
1 Individual Cognitive Biases 4
1.1 Nature and Impact of Individual Cognitive Biases 4
1.2 Types of Individual Cognitive Biases 6
2 Reducing the Influence of Individual Cognitive Biases 8
CONCLUSION 13
WORKS CITED 14

The experiments suggest that educational games hold promise at effectively teaching people about cognitive biases, a fairly pernicious aspect of human information processing and decision-making. However, even more research is needed to examine whether other game features might have a greater impact on learning.
WORKS CITED
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Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., Harmer, C. J. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias. - Biol Psychiatry, 67 (10), 2010. – Pp. 919–925.
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., Calvo, M. G. Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. - Emotion 7 (2), 2007. – Pp. 336–353.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. - London: Guildford, 2009. – Pp. 120-126.
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https://sites.google.com/site/skepticalmedicine/cognitive-biases Reviewed: 13.02.2015 in 22:13.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/hta101/ta101014.html Reviewed: 13.02.2015 in 22:16.
http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2012/09000/Perspective___The_Negativity_Bias,_Medical.19.aspx Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 9:05.
https://sites.google.com/site/skepticalmedicine/cognitive-biases Reviewed: 13.02.2015 in 22:13.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/hta101/ta101014.html Reviewed: 13.02.2015 in 22:16.
Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J. Social psychology and human nature: International Edition. - Belmont, USA: Wadsworth, 2010. – P. 141.
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., Stanovich, K. E. The Cognitive Reflection Test as a predictor of performance on heuristics-and-biases tasks. - Memory & Cognition 39.7. 2011. – Pp. 1275-1289.
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., Toplak, M. E. Intelligence and rationality. In R. J. Sternberg & S. B. Kaufman (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. - New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. - Pp. 784-826.
Ungar, L., et al. The Good Judgment Project: A Large Scale Test of Different Methods of Combining Expert Predictions. - AAAI Fall Symposium Series, 2012. – Pp. 128-147.
Hoppe, E. I., Kusterer, D. J. Behavioral biases and cognitive reflection. - Economics Letters 110.2, 2011. – Pp. 97-100.
Rogers, P., Davis, T., Fisk, J. Paranormal belief and susceptibility to the conjunction fallacy. Applied cognitive psychology 23.4, 2009. – Pp. 524-542.
Haran, U., Ritov, I., Mellers, B. A. The role of actively open-minded thinking in information acquisition, accuracy, and calibration. - Judgment & Decision Making 8.3, 2013. – Pp. 289-302.
Hardman, D. Judgment and decision making: psychological perspectives. - Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. – Pp. 64-81.
Alexander, W. H., Brown, J. W. (1 June 2010). Hyperbolically Discounted Temporal Difference Learning. - Neural Computation 22 (6). – Pp. 1511–1527.
https://sites.google.com/site/skepticalmedicine/cognitive-biases Reviewed: 13.02.2015 in 22:13.
Haizlip, J. et al. Perspective: The Negativity Bias, Medical Education, and the Culture of Academic Medicine: Why Culture Change Is Hard. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Fulltext/2012/09000/Perspective___The_Negativity_Bias,_Medical.19.aspx Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 9:05.
Baron, J. Thinking and deciding. - Cambridge University Press, 2010. – Pp. 273-277.
Hilbert, M. Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: How noisy information processing can bias human decision making. - Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 2012. – Pp. 211–237. Also available: http://www.martinhilbert.net/HilbertPsychBull.pdf Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 9:27.
Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J. Social psychology and human nature: International Edition. - Belmont, USA: Wadsworth, 2010. – P. 155.
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., Shah, D. M. (2009). Developing interpretation bias modification as a “cognitive vaccine” for depressed mood: imagining positive events makes you feel better than thinking about them verbally. – Abnorm Psychol., 118 (1), 2009. – Pp. 76–88.
Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., Pine, D. S. (2010). Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety. – Biol Psychiatry, 68 (11), 2010. – Pp. 982–990.
Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., Lindenmeyer, J. Approach bias modification in alcohol dependence: Do clinical effects replicate and for whom does it work best? - Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 4 (0), 2013. – Pp. 38–51.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. - London: Guildford, 2009. – Pp. 120-126.
Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., Harmer, C. J. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias. - Biol Psychiatry, 67 (10), 2010. – Pp. 919–925.
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., Calvo, M. G. Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. - Emotion 7 (2), 2007. – Pp. 336–353.
Emmelkamp, P. Attention bias modification: the Emperor's new suit? http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/63 Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 21:16.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A. Cognitive Bias Modification Approaches to Anxiety. - Annu Rev Clin Psychol, 8, 2012. – Pp. 189-217.
Beard, C., Weisberg, R.B., Amir, N. Combined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot trial. Depression and Anxiety. - 28(11), 2011. - Pp. 981-988.
Beard, C., Weisberg, R.B., Amir, N. Combined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot trial. Depression and Anxiety. - 28(11), 2011. - Pp. 981-988.
Haeffel, G. J., Rozek, D. C., Hames, J. L., Technow, J. Too Much of a Good Thing: Testing the
Efficacy of a Cognitive Bias Modification Task for Cognitively Vulnerable Individuals. http://www3.nd.edu/~ghaeffel/Resources/Haeffeletal2012.pdf Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 21:48.
Haeffel, G. J., Rozek, D. C., Hames, J. L., Technow, J. Too Much of a Good Thing: Testing the
Efficacy of a Cognitive Bias Modification Task for Cognitively Vulnerable Individuals. http://www3.nd.edu/~ghaeffel/Resources/Haeffeletal2012.pdf Reviewed: 14.02.2015 in 21:48.
The same.
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