Дискуссионный клуб как средство развития риторических умений учащихся старших классов средней школы

Оглавление
Введение
Глава 1. Теоретические основы обучения риторическому монологическому высказыванию на английском языке учащихся старших классов средней школы
1.1.Сущность логико-языкового высказывания
1.2.Понятие дискурса и дискурсивного пространства
1.3.Типология и структура дискурса
1.4.Дискурсивная компетенция как часть коммуникативной компетенции – готовности к дискурсу
1.5. Дискурсивное пространство
1.6.Монологическое высказывание как средство воздействия на аудиторию при публичном выступлении
1.7.Теоретические аспекты и природа диалогичности публичного дискурса
Выводы по главе 1
Глава 2. Обучение творческому монологическому и диалогическому высказыванию учащихся старших классов средней школы
2.1.Дискурсивная компетенция как часть коммуникативной компетенции – готовности к дискурсу
2.2.Понятие мотивации и ее роль в обучении иностранному языку
2.3. .Анализ пособий по английскому в старших классах средней школы
2.4. Тренировочные упражнения для развития умений риторического аспекта иноязычного монологического и диалогического высказывания
Выводы по главе 2
Глава 3. Методика обучения риторическому аспекту монологической и диалогической речи, как фактор развития мотивационной сферы и творческих способностей школьников
3.1.Психологические и психолингвистические предпосылки формирования и развития риторических умений у учащихся старших классов средней школы
3.2.Теоретические основы метода проектов
3.3.Теоретические основы метода дискуссионного клуба в рамках метода проектов
Выводы по главе 3
Заключение
Список использованной литературы
Приложение

Вход на «Встречи с писателями» бесплатный.4. Арфисты в Ирландии были когда-то также популярны, как волынщики в Шотландии. Однако сегодня арфу заменили волынка и скрипка, сопровождающие и сольный народный танец, и быстрый шотландский танец (рил) и джигу.5. Постепенно вращающиеся 32 кабины – капсулы, вмещающие до 25 человек, позволяют обозревать всю панораму лондонского Сити с высоты птичьего полета.6. Все исторические персонажи музея восковых фигур мадам Тюссо создаются после тщательного изучения их портретов и скульптур. Восковые фигуры современных знаменитостей делают, как правило, с натуры – на это уходит, приблизительно, полгода.2. Complete the sentences with the words given below.estimated at, responsible for, keep in touch with, mingle with, line up, revolve around, relating to, counted amongst, accommodating up1. Today the British Library holds a wide range of books, _____ modern literature. 2. The tales _____ the fair, folk, mermaids, ghosts and giants.3.After all, where else can you _____ movie stars, be _____ world leaders, or _____ alongside your sporting heroes.4.Spectacular, unencumbered panoramic views are enjoyed from 32 fully enclosed, high-tech capsules, each _____ to 25 people. 5. Their support is _____ around hundreds million pounds a year.6. Nowadays all the Scottish writers _____ all aspects of social life.7.The Secretaries of State for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are ____ many cultural matters in their countries.3. Tick the correct item in the questionnaire.EnglandScotlandWalesN. IrelandThe GlobeWriters’MuseumUlster MuseumharpEisteddfodThe TowerDublinbagpiperOscar WildeEdinburghWaxw.Tussaud’sThe British Libr.Walter Scotthornpipechoral singingCoverntGardenTattoo“Chapman”U2PhiannonIfansLlangollen“Fringe”London EyeDumfriesNotting HillBelfast Festivalreel4. Intellectual Quiz. Match (1, 2, 3) to (a, b, с). 1Then Robin Hood put his horn to mouth,And blew out blasts two or three;Then four-and-twenty bowmen boldCame leaping over the lea.a«Я знаю, что хозяин твойВеликий Саладин – герой.Он оказал услугу мне.И вот я снова на коне!»Так Ричард восхвалял всегда Когда-то своего врага.Он постоянно говорил,Как благороден Саладин.2«Thy master’s kingly heart I know; My thanks to Saladin the Great,In sooth he is a noble foe!»And when the weary war was o’er, And Richard feasted with his kin,He loved to tell the tale, and praiseThe сhivalry of Saladin.bО, если б жизнь, любовь и тыВсе время были молоды,То жил бы я с тобой вдвоем,Движимыйстрастью и огнем.3If all the world and love were youngAnd truth in every shepherd’s tongue,These pretty pleasures might me moveTo live with thee and be thy love.cПотом Робин Гуд дунул раз или дваВ свой рог. И тут же на зов его рогаВсе двадцать четыре отважных стрелкаЯвились в мгновение ока.5. Writing. 1. Write a descriptive essay on the topic “Multicultural Britain”.2. Make up a brochure on a guided tour round Britain.3. Promote one of the tourist attractions.4. Advertise the International Edinburgh Festival.Reading“Before Elvis there was nothing.”John LennonFROM AMERICANIZATION TO GLOBALIZATIONIThe USA, the country which had been an importer of influences has become in the twentieth century a major exporter of them. The whole world imports products and services from the USA. The majority of the world’s best known celebrities are from the USA. In many areas of life, American popular tastes and attitudes have conquered the world. The United States became the first nation in history to build its way of life. Culturally, Americans are in between “affective” and “neutral” cultures – in some ways they are more open and in other ways they are more reserved. However, the Americans tend to show feelings more, they show how they feel quite openly – when they are happy, or when they are angry. Over 60% would express anger openly in a work or formal situations. The USA is a big democratic country, where the way of life is fast, the food is fast, and thus, the trade mark features of America are the Statue of Liberty, McDonalds and Coca-Cola. Most people spend their holiday in the USA, because it’s so big, and there are so many spectacular places to visit. Besides, the Americans go to the movies a lot. In the 1920s American movies filled the cinema screens of the world. Most were made in Hollywood. By the 1920s it had become the film-making capital of the world. Hollywood movies were made by large companies called studios. The men who ran these studios were businessmen and their main aim was to make as much money as possible. They soon found that one way to do this was to standardize their films. The actors were turned into “stars”. A famous star could make any movie a certain success, so the studios went to great legends to make their actors into stars. They encouraged fan magazines. The movies of the 1920s were silent. They spoke in pictures, not words, and so their language was international. All over the world, from Berlin to Tokyo, from London to Buenos Aires, tens of millions of people lined up every night of the week to see their favourite Hollywood stars – and, without realizing, to be Americanized.After the World War II the spreading of American influence was continued by a powerful new force – television. In 1947 around 170000 American families had television sets flickering in their living rooms. Comedy, fiction, westerns – all these were popular. Nowadays, the Americans watch a lot of TV – there are hundreds of channels on 24 hours a day. By the 1960s filmed television programmes had become an important American export. Other countries found it cheaper to buy American television production than to make their own. Soon such exported programmes were being watched by viewers all over the world. Most TV shows were concerned with entertainment. The global appeal of big entertainment events is gained by “reality shows”, which combine the drama of life performance with interactive participation. One of such shows is “American Idol” – the US version of the huge British TV hit, “Pop Idol”.celebrity – знаменитостьaffective – эмоциональныйreserved – сдержанныйmovies – киноto standardize – стандартизироватьto line up – стоятьвочередиflickering – светящийсяentertainment – развлечениеinteractive participation – непосредственноеучастиеIIThe USA has had the enormous influence on popular music in the last hundred years. It all started with the “blues”. Things really began in a big way at the beginning of the twentieth century, when the blues developed from black folk music into popular music. George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue”, first performed in 1924, was very innovative and succeeded in being both serious and extremely popular. Blues singers like Bessie Smith were popular with both blacks and whites. It was also big business. The 1920s was known as the “Jazz Age”, and jazz music was popularized by such great performers as the trumpet player Louis Armstrong, and late the Duke Ellington Orchestra and singer Ella Fitzgerald. Side by side with the blues was early “country and western” music, aimed at white audiences in the south. Songs in both styles shared the same themes – poverty, homelessness and hardships.In music, the process of Americanization could be seen most clearly in the huge international popularity of rock. In the middle of the 1950s pop music returned to its black roots with the “rock-and-roll revolution”. Rock began as a music that was first played in the American South and combined black blues with the country music of working class whites to produce a heavily rhythmic – “rocking sound” that appealed especially to young people. Many of rock-and-roll first stars were black performers such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. But the unchallenged “king” of rock-and-roll was a young southern white named Elvis Presley. The major exhibition of Elvis Presley’s personal belongings outside of the USA has been organized in Liverpool, “the UK’s Capital of Pop”. A fascinating exhibition “Fingerprints of Elvis” brings you closer to the man who has been the biggest influence on popular music. At the “Fingerprints of Elvis” you can see many of the “king’s” personal items including his 1976 Harley Davidson which he was actually riding two days before his death and his unique Gold Mercedes SEL, wonderful Stage Suits, Guitars and personal Jewellery as worn and owned by Elvis. His private collection of Deputy Sheriffbadges, Elvis’s sporting paraphernalia and many more items including the actual set of Elvis’ fingerprints taken for his gun license application are also on show. To rock-and-roll enthusiasts, Presley came to symbolize a new culture of youth. After Elvis Presley, American music rapidly splintered into a variety of mixtures of styles. For example, there was a revival in American folk music, popularized by Bob Dylan, which in turn led to a new style called “folk-rock”. Since then we’ve had “hard rock”, “soft rock”, “country rock” and even rock operas and musicals.By the 1970s rock-and-roll had blended with the protest songs of the 1960s to become rock, a harder music than rock-and-roll. However, rock became an international as well as American phenomenon, one that millions of younger people worldwide saw as their natural cultural language. A larger part of its appeal was that it symbolized opposition to officially approved ideas and standards even more strongly than its ancestor (rock-and-roll) had done in the 1950s. A phenomenon of the 1940s and 1950s was the “musical”. Composers wrote songs for Broadway theatres which were often adapted for Hollywood. A classical composer who turned his hand to musicals was Leonard Bernstein. Nowadays, “Chicago” is the most popular one. Music can be a powerful weapon. In 1966, a song “Banana Boat Song” recorded by a truck driver from Buffalo, New York, helped force a Dutch retailer, (the CEO of Royal Dutch Ahold, the largest supermarket chain in the Easter United States) to the negotiating table over a dispute with U.S. workers. The song managed to pressure the company to sign a profitable contract. Many more well-known musicians are also working to raise consciousness of globalization. In 2003, a group of diverse stars including country singer Steve Earle, performed in thirteen U.S. cities to expose the negative impacts of free trade and media concentration.innovative – новый, новаторский, инновационныйtrumpet player – трубач,саксофонистfascinating – очаровательныйDeputy Sheriff – помощникшерифаparaphernalia – личное имущество, принадлежностиtosplint – распадатьсяrevival – возрождениеtoblend – смешивать(ся)ancestor – предокphenomenon – явлениеnegotiatingtable – стол переговоровtopressure – оказывать давлениеconsciousnessofglobalization – значение глобализацииdiverse – разнообразныйto expose – обличатьIIIThe Americanization of popular taste and habits was not restricted to entertainment. Not only did “fast food” and blue jeans earn the popularity, but also supermarkets and skyscrapers. The first supermarkets appeared in the United States in the 1950s. They gave shoppers a much wider range of choices of foods and other consumer goods. They were the visible proof of the superiority of the American way of organizing a nation’s economic life. When supermarkets proved a commercial success in the USA they quickly spread to other prosperous countries, first in Europe and then in other parts of the world. So did another feature of American cities in these years – groups of tall, narrow buildings – “skyscrapers”. First skyscrapers appeared in Chicago in 1880s. One of the earliest examples of the skyscrapers in New York was Seagram Building, designed by Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson’s – architects working in the USA. By the 1980s skyscrapers became office and apartment buildings in cities all over the world. In the early 1980s there was a real craze for graffiti art, which was no longer found only in the subway and poor ghetto areas of the city as it used to be in the 1970s. Graffiti came back with hip-hop music. “Hip-hop” culture grew up in the black ghettos of big American cities in the early 1980s. When hip-hop music suddenly got to the top of the American music charts, hip-hop culture was spread, bringing graffiti with it. Hip-hop music is linked with “rap”, which is a style of talking/singing that is very popular. Today companies are starting to realize the appeal of graffiti in advertising. Kel Rodriguez, who used to spray New York subway trains, was the artist to design the Wall Street Journal’s website and it is obviously, done in graffiti-style. Another artist, Blade has his own website devoted only to the world of graffiti. This website has a “merchandise page” where Blade sells things with his own original designs all over the world. Leonardo McGurr, a street artist for 25 years, when from painting subway trains to designing and marketing graffiti-inspired clothes for young people, says: “Graffiti has been a story of survival”. Nowadays, it has the status of “street art” and you get graffiti in advertisements, on clothes, on toys. Other examples of street art are street musicians, known as “buskers”, “live-statues” – people who stand motionless like a statue and pavement artists, chalking on pavements, often reproducing famous works of art. Visual artistry and street theatre have helped globalization activists reach new audiences and transformed demonstrations into festivals of colourful and creative expression. Art can be powerful. On the eve of a major protest against the World Bank in 2000, Washington, DC, police took actions and confiscated giganticpapier-mache puppets, including a massive smiling sun that had been constructed for the rally. Since 2000 a decentralized group of graphic artists and educators, the Maine-based Beehive Collective has designed and distributed 45000 educational posters on globalization and other issues through “pollination tours” on college campuses, high schools, at major demonstrations. In 2003 their featured work was a portable sixteen-foot mural depicting images related to the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas. Presenters explain the mural’s details and facts, helping to break down complex issues into smaller, digestiblechunks. American Mike Alewitz was the principle artist on a mural entitled “Trade Unionism without Borders”, the mural depicts workers tearing up borders imposed by bosses and feature heroes from both the U.S. and Mexican labour movements. Cartoonists have lent their artistic skills to support educational efforts on globalization throughout the world. to restrict – ограничиватьskyscraper – небоскребconsumer goods – товарыширокогопотребленияprosperous – процветающийcraze – мода, повальное увлечениеgraffiti – граффити (рисунки и надписи на стенах)subway – метроghetto – гетто (бедный квартал)musiccharts – музыкальные рейтингиtospray – распылятьmerchandisepage – торговая рекламаsurvival – выживаниеvisualartistry – наглядное мастерствоpapier-machepuppet – кукла из папье-машеrally – массовый митинг, сбор, собраниеpollinationtour – агитационная кампания (акция)campus – общежитиеmural – настенная живопись, фрескаFreeTradeArea – свободная торговая зонаdigestiblechunk – удобоваримыйкусок“TradeUnionismwithoutBorders” – «Профсоюзыбезграниц»cartoonist –карикатуристIVAnother phenomenon – “political theatre” is an effective way of educating and mobilizing people around globalization issues, particularly in rural areas and where literacy rates are low. For example, Nepali villagers gather around boom boxes in tea shops to listen to a tape of a play about hydroelectric power, featuring one of Nepal’s most famous comedians. Although the World Bank cancelled a large-scale dam project (Arun III) in 1995 in response to opposition from Nepali and other nation’s nongovernmental organizations, the debate over such projects continues. The play satirizes the World Bank’s comedy of errors over Arun III, enabling the audience to laugh at the projects absurdities while raising important questions about the rights of Nepali citizens in determining the country’s future development path. The tapes and complementary comic books were produced by a U.S. group “Media for International Development”. They have distributed 5000 tapes and 3000 comic books throughout the country.A lot of people have emigrated from Europe to the USA, looking for jobs and career opportunities. As the USA has become a “melting pot” and cultures mix more and more, it’s necessary to become not only culturally sensitive and tolerant, but also to make English, the official language of the United States, the global language – the language of international communication, peace talks and government negotiations. English is certainly a useful language to learn. So many websites are in English, that it would be difficult to surf the net properly if you didn’t know some English. More than 1000 universities and programmes in the USA use the TOEFL exam to evaluate the English proficiency of applicants who are not native speakers of English. Over 800000 applicants take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) each year. American institutions want to be sure that these candidates can read, write and comprehend spoken English so that they can succeed in the USA. English has become a global language. The world has become a “global village”. The USA is the epicentre of the global world. Therefore, Americanization of the world gradually leads to its Globalization in all spheres of social and cultural life.rural – сельскийliteracy – грамотностьboom box (ghetto blaster) – переносноймагнитофонcomedy of errors – «комедияошибок»“meltingpot” – «котел» (прозвище получено из-за большого количества наций и национальностей, проживающих на территории США)tosurfthenet – «бороздить» Интернет, просматривать сайтыAfter-reading tasks1. Translate into English.1. 1920-е годы в Америке назывались «Эпохой джаза», яркими представителями которой были саксофонист Луи Армстронг, джазовая певица Элла Фитцджеральд и немного позднее оркестр ДюкаЭллингтона.2. В 1960-е годы «король» рок-н-ролла Элвис Пресли стал символом новой молодежной культуры. Однако уже к середине 60-х, с появлением «Битлс» в Британии в Ливерпуле, США потеряли монополию на поп-музыку.3. После Элвиса Пресли рок распался на «хард-рок», «софт рок», «кантри рок», что привело к появлению многочисленных рок опер и мюзиклов.4. К 1970 годам ритмы рок-н-ролла, смешавшись с очень популярными в 1960-е годы песнями протеста, превратили «хард-рок» в международное явление – музыку, в которой молодежь той эпохи выражала свое отношение к действительности, протест против всего традиционного и общепринятого.5. Процесс «американизации» понятий и вкусов не ограничился рамками шоу-бизнеса, – он проник во все сферы общественной жизни и превратил Америку из страны, импортирующей зарубежную моду и влияние в страну, экспортирующую свою моду, товары и услуги.6. Супермаркеты, появившиеся в Америке в середине прошлого века и небоскребы, построенные в Чикаго еще в 80-х годах девятнадцатого века и завоевавшие мировое признание, доказали превосходство американского пути развития общества.7. «Американизация» общественной жизни постепенно становится примером для подражания во всем мире и, таким образом, приводит к глобализации, стандартизации вкусов и понятий. 8. Граффити зародилось в недрах беднейших кварталов в 1970-е годы. Однако уже в 1980-е годы «искусство настенной живописи» вышло не только на центральные улицы городов, но и стало модой в рекламе, одежде и игрушках.9. Городская живопись, реклама, уличные музыканты и многие другие виды «городского искусства» помогают активистам-глобалистам привлекать внимание публики и превращать обыкновенные демонстрации в яркие, красочные манифестации и фестивали. 10. Такое явление, как «политический театр», стало еще одним эффективным способом воспитания масс, привлечения их внимания и консолидации усилий в интересах глобализации.2. Divide the following words into two columns.murals, blues, soft rock, posters, rap, musicals, live-statues, studios, graphic artists, jazz, rock-and-roll, pavement artists, chalk, hard rock, buskers, country rock, folk-rock, musicians, singers, advertisements, composers, papier-mache puppets, political theatre, street theatre, graffiti, visual artistry, rock operas, trumpet player, protest songs, hip-hop music, boom box, music charts, festivalsMUSICSTREET ART3. Match the words to their meanings.1. busker2. live-statue3. rap4. graffiti5. mural 6. poster 7. supermarket 8. rally 9. skyscraper 10. boom box a) shop b) demonstrationc) motionless figured) street musiciane) tape-recorderf) tall buildingg) spraying wall-paintingh) billboardi) large-scale wall artistryg) talking/singing4. Expand on the following.street artpolitical theatrehip-hop cultureaffective culturesneutral culturesreality showrock-and-roll revolutionjazz agerocking soundpollination toursvisual artistrymelting potsurf the netmerchandise pageglobal villageinteractive participation5. Tick the correct item.192019301940195019601970198019902000rock-and-rollgraffitimuralsrapjazzrockmusicalmoviesTVsuper-markets6. American or British?movies – filmsunderground – subwaycampus – hostelapartment – flatlorry – trackqueue at – line upepicentre – epicenterprogramme – programlabor – labourfavourite – favorite7. Match A to B.A1. “American Idol”2. “The UK’s Capital of Pop” 3. “Fingerprints of Elvis” 4. “Chicago” 5. “Banana Boat Song” 6. Media for International Development 7. Arum III8. Meine-based Beehive Collective 9. “Trade Unionism without Boarders”10. Harley Davidson Ba. song b. mural c. car d. reality show e. musical f. exhibitiong. dam projecth. Liverpooli. US. media groupj. graphic artists8. Writing.1. A chronological essay on the topic “American Culture”.2. A discursive essay on the topic “The USA is the epicentre of the global world”. Do you agree or disagree?3. A discursive essay to prove the fact that “Americanization” has enhanced “Globalization”.Reading“The government will support and encourage the various cultures and ethnic groups that give structure and vitality to our society.”Pierre Elliot TrudeauCROSS-CULTURAL CANADAILike its neighbour to the south Canada is a spectrum of cultures, a hotchpotch of immigrant groups who supplanted the continent’s many native peoples. There is a crucial difference, though. Whereas citizens of the United States are encouraged to perceive themselves as Americans above all else, Canada’s concertedly multicultural approach has done more to acknowledge the origins of its people, creating an ethnic mosaic as opposed to America’s “melting pot”. Alongside the French and British majorities live a host of communities who maintain the traditions of their homelands – Chinese, Ukrainians, Portuguese, Indians, Dutch, Polish, Greek and Spanish, to name just the most numerous.Canadian culture is a product of Canada’s history and geography. Most of Canada’s territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of Canadian culture. Hence, it has historically been heavily influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and traditions, and over time has been greatly influenced by American culture. The British conquest of Quebec in 1759 brought a large francophone population under British rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation. In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many Quebecois commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture, but some also see Canada as a collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures. Canada’s historical ties to British culture help raise the profile of Canadians in the area of literature and theatre, however.French Canada’s early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the Quebec Act of 1774, which allowed francophone culture to survive and thrive within Canada. Canadian television, especially supported by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, is the home of a variety of locally-produced shows. French-language television, like French Canadian film, is buffered from excessive American influence by the fact of language, and likewise supports a host of home-grown productions. The relative success of French-language domestic television and movies in Canada often exceeds that of its English-language counterpart. The mid-1960s were marked by increasing troubled English-French relations in Canada. The government appointed a Royal Commission to study this problem and recommend solutions to these problems. The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism held hearings across Canada. In 1969 the Bicultural and Bilingual act become a law. The Royal Commission presented the government with this idea and recommendations which would acknowledge the value of cultural pluralism to Canadian identity and encourage Canadian institutions to reflect this pluralism in their policies and programmes. The policy was accepted in 1971 while Pierre Elliot Trudeau was Prime Minister. When Policy was first announced, it was one of multiculturalism within a bilingual framework. Multiculturalism affirmed English and French as two official languages of Canada. But ethnic pluralism was declared to be a positive feature of Canadian society worthy of preservation and development. Many other provinces followed the federal lead by introducing multiculturalism policies in their areas of authority. In 1982 it became a law and later in 1988 Bill-C-93 was passed as the Multicultural Act. This broke the final barriers of any racial laws and any ethnic problems.hotchpotch – смесьto supplant – вытеснятьto perceive – чувствовать, ощущатьconcertedly – согласованныйtrapper – охотник-браконьерfrancophone population – франкоговорящеенаселениеculturalidentity – национальная принадлежность profile – акцентcohesive – сплоченный tothrive– процветатьtobuffer – амортизировать, смягчать, тормозитьexcessive – чрезмерныйto exceed – превышатьThe Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalismframework – схема, структураIILoyalists from the Thirteen Colonies brought in strong British and American influences, combined with a sense of anti-Americanism that survives to this day. In 1867, the British North America Act was designed to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy while avoiding the overly-strong decentralization that contributed to the Civil War in the United States. However, the compromises made by MacDonald and Cartier set Canada on a path to bilingualism, and this in turn contributed to an acceptance of diversity than later led to both multiculturalism and tolerance of First Nations culture and customs. Easy access to American media has brought many American influences into Canadian culture since the mid-20th century. Therefore, such access has allowed many Canadian performers and entertainers to succeed internationally in the areas of music, comedy, movies, and television. The Canadian film market was dominated by the American film industry for decades, although that film industry has since inception seen a prominent role for actors, directors, producers and technicians of Canadian origin. In the 1960s Michel Brault, Pierre Perrault and other filmmakers from Quebec began to challenge Hollywood by making innovative documentary and feature films. Among the important English-speaking producers from nowadays are Allan King and Robin Spry. Canadian filmmakers have been very successful in the field of science fiction since the mid-1990s with such shows as The X-Files and The Outer Limits, both filmed in Vancouver. As with its southern counterpart in California, USA, many Canadians are employed in the film industry. Montreal has served in a great variety of mainstream movies, attracting the loyalty of industry people such as Bruce Wills; there are plants to build the world’s biggest film studio.Multicultural heritage is enshrined in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. It has a large influence on Canadian culture, which is post-ethnic and transnational in character. In parts of Canada, especially the major cities of Montreal, Vancouver, and Toronto multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is the force that unites the community.While French Canadian culture is the most obvious example, Celtic influences have allowed survival of non-English dialects in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland; however, the influence of Ulster immigrants to Toronto has had the effect of minimizing Irish influences in Ontario’s culture, and highlighting British influences instead, until the 1980s. Canada’s Pacific trade has also brought a large Chinese influence into British Columbia and other areas.to survive – выживатьacceptance – принятиеdiversity – разнообразиеtolerance – терпимостьinception – началоto challenge – оспаривать, боротьсяto enshrine – хранить, лелеятьIIIThere were, and are, many distinct Aboriginal peoples across Canada, each with its own culture, beliefs, values, language, and history. However, Canada’s early interactions with native populations were relatively peaceful (compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States). Combined with relatively late economic development in many regions, this peaceful history has allowed Canadian native peoples to have a relatively strong influence on the national culture while preserving their own identity. Much of this legacyremains celebrated artistically, and in other ways, in Canada to this day. Part of the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics is an inukshuk, a stack of rocks in human form that is part of Inuit culture, although this is seen as inappropriate by many Vancouverites. The multicultural Policy states that under Canadian law, these equalities are the rights and privileges of any person, any ensure that they may participate as a member of the society, regardless of racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background. Multiculturalism promotes gaining an understanding of people from all cultures, despite language, religious beliefs, political and social views, or national origins. It does not require people to shed their own values and beliefs, in order to accept one another. Instead, multiculturalism acknowledges there are many ways in which the world can be viewed and lived in. Since 1972 the federal government has supported a multicultural policy to reflect the varied influences that make up the mosaic of Canadian life, including the culture of aboriginal peoples. The National Museum Policy has encouraged and supported the growth of regional museums. Of Canada’s more than 2100 museums, archives, and historic sites, the most important are in the National Capital Region. These include, in Hull, Quebec, the Canadian Museum of Civilization, which celebrates Canada’s multicultural heritage; in Ottawa, the Canadian Museum of Nature and the National Gallery of Canada; and in Toronto the Royal Ontario Museum. The performing arts in Canada are supported by government and private grants. The National Arts Centre, in Ottawa, opened in 1969, has a resident symphony orchestra and theatre companies in French and English. A number of major theatre, opera, dance, and musical groups are found in the large cities; these groups also tour the provinces and travel abroad. The chief theatrical centres are the cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Toronto. Canadians and visitors also enjoy summer festivals, such as the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Ontario; the Shaw Festival at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario; and Cultures Canada, a series of multicultural events in Ottawa. Local traditions are preserved in the Highland Games on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia; the Sherbrooke Festival de Cantons (Quebec), celebrating French-Canadian culture and cuisine; and the Ukrainian Festival in Dauphin, Manitoba. Discovery Day in Dawson, Yukon Territory, marks the 1896 discovery of gold. A large variety of smaller festivals are held throughout the country.For the visitor, the mix that results from the country’s exemplary tolerance is an exhilarating experience, offering such widely differing environments as Vancouver’s huge Chinatown and the austere religious enclaves of Manitoba. Canada embraces its own clichés with an energy that’s irresistible, promoting everything from the Calgary Stampede to maple-syrup festivals and lumberjacking contests with an extraordinary zeal and openness.The typical Canadian might be an elusive concept, but you’ll find there’s a distinctive feel to the country. There’s the overwhelming sense of Canadian pride in their history and pleasure in the beauty of their land.interaction – общениеlegacy – наследствоremains – останкиinukshuk – б/переводаstack of rocks – кучакамней, нагромождениеInuitculture – эскимосская культураtoshed – распространять cuisine – кухня (стиль приготовления)exemplary – образец (для подражания)exhilarating – возбуждающий, вдохновляющий austere – аскетический, суровыйenclave – анклав (клан)irresistible – невыносимый lumberjacking – вырубка лесов zeal – пристрастие, фанатизм openness– открытостьelusive – неуловимыйAfter-reading tasks1. Translate into English.Современная Канада – страна не просто многонациональная, а очень многонациональнаяКанада, возможно, самая многонациональная страна в мире, если принять во внимание ее либеральную иммиграционную политику. США – тоже страна иммигрантов, но там всех и вся стремятся «свести к общему знаменателю» (“meltingpot”), а в Канаде взят курс на создание поликультурного общества. Причем это отнюдь не пустая декларация. «Поликультурность» старательно насаждается и культивируется всеми возможными способами. Например, существует государственная программа поддержки национальных школ. Действует масса самых разных религиозных общин, землячеств, клубов, кружков, а на одном из канадских телеканалов по воскресеньям идут национальные программы: один час – русская, другой – индийская, третий – арабская и так далее.Если на фотографии в журнале или на картинке в детской книжке изображена группа людей, среди них непременно будут представители разных рас и национальностей. А самыми страшными грехами считаются национализм, расизм и сексизм, то есть дискриминация и/или преследование по признаку принадлежности к определенной национальности, расе или полу. Причем борьба с ними идет не на словах, а на деле: любые проявления чего-либо подобного пресекаются немедленно и очень решительно. 2. True or False?1. Like the USA Canada is a hotchpotchof immigrant groups.2. Canada’s concertedly multicultural approach has done more to acknowledge the origins of its people, creating an ethnic mosaic as opposed to America’s “melting pot”. 3. The relative success of English-language domestic television and movies in Canada often exceeds that of its French-language counterpart. 4. Multiculturalism affirmed English and French as two official languages of Canada. 5. Easy access to American media has allowed many Canadian performers and entertainers to succeed internationally in the areas of music, comedy, movies, and television. 6. In Montreal, Vancouver, and Toronto multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is the force that unites the community.7. Canada’s early interactions with native populations were hostile. (compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States). 8. The federal government has supported a multicultural policy, the rights and privileges of any person, regardless of racial, ethnic, cultural, or religious background. 3. Choose the correct answer.1. The British conquest of Quebec in … brought a large francophone population under British rule.a) 1669b) 1759c) 18792. … Canada’s early development was relatively cohesive during the 17th and 18th centuries, and this was preserved by the Quebec Act of 1774.a) Frenchb) Americanc) British3. The … were marked by increasing troubled English-French relations in Canada.a) early 1960-sb) mid- 1960-sc) late 1960-s4. In … the British North America Act was designed to meet the growing calls for Canadian autonomy.a) 1876b) 1867c) 17665. Multicultural heritage is enshrined in Section … of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.a) 2b) 7c) 276. Part of the emblem of the Vancouver … Winter Olympics is an inukshuk, a stack of rocks in human form that is part of Inuit culture.a) 2010b) 2012c) 20144. Derive the name of the country.British – BritainFrench – … Chinese – …Ukrainians – …Portuguese – …Indians – …Dutch – …Polish – …Greek – …Americans – …Spanish – …Canadians – …English – …5. What do the following figures mean?2100 –2010 – 21 – 6. Match the words with their Russian equivalents.1) hotchpotch – 2) profile – 3) framework – 4) acceptance – 5) diversity – 6) tolerance – 7) inception – 8) interaction – 9) legacy – 10) remains – 11) inukshuk – 12) cuisine – 13) exemplary – 14) enclave – 15) lumberjacking – 16) zeal – 17) openness – а. охотник-браконьерб. акцентв. смесьг. общениед. разнообразиее. схемаж. принятиез. началои. терпимостьк. кухнял. б/названиям. останкин. анклаво. фанатизмп. открытостьр. вырубка лесовс. образец для подражания7. Translate into Russian.The British conquest of Quebec, under British rule, cultural identity is strong, English Canadian culture,help raise the profile of Canadians, the Quebec Act of 1774,the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, French Canadian film, excessive American influence, the relative success of French-language domestic television, the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, the Bicultural and Bilingual act become a law, in 1988 Bill-C-93 was passed as the Multicultural Act, tolerance of First Nations culture and customs,multicultural heritage is enshrined in Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Canada’s Pacific trade has also brought a large Chinese influence into British Columbia and other areas, a stack of rocks in human form,Inuit culture, Canada embraces its own clichés,maple-syrup festivals,extraordinary zeal and openness.Reading“All people think that New Zealand is close to Australia, or Asia, or somewhere, and that you cross it on a bridge. It is not close to anything but lies by itself out in the water.” Mark Twain.NEW ZEALAND CULTUREIDistance from other land masses and isolation from other human communities have shaped New Zealand’s human culture. It was the last major habitable land area anywhere in the world to be reached by people. The first Polynesian seafarers stepped ashore on a New Zealand beach about 1000 years ago, by which time many other countries already had long histories.The people who call themselves New Zealanders came from a great variety of ethnic backgrounds: the indigenous Maori; European, mostly British but also Dalmatians who arrived last century and Dutch who came afterwards: Chinese, who came to work the goldfields in the XIX th century; Pacific Islanders, who have come in sufficient numbers in recent decades to make Auckland the city with the largest number of Polynesians of any city in the world, and, finally, the representatives of a great number of other races – Indians, Vietnamese, Poles, Chileans, North Americans, Greeks, Cypriots. What the Maori first-comers share with those who descended from the XIX century immigrants from Europe, is that their ancestors, to reach New Zealand, undertook long and often perilous voyages. Today, New Zealanders are largely sophisticated and highly educated urban dwellers. Members of a unique and vibrant multicultural society, New Zealanders are embracing 21st century technology and culture in record numbers. But New Zealanders also have a background of quiet but rugged individualism, self-reliance, and a genius for invention. The relatively isolated South Pacific location and rugged landscapes still make many New Zealanders quiet and independent, yet resourceful. Their isolation and exposure to the elements forced these early New Zealanders to become hardy and multi-skilled. This resourcefulness and ingenuity has greatly contributed to the New Zealand character. The same qualities can be seen today in the new pioneers – a generation of young Kiwi business executives, computer software builders, film-makers, fashion designers, and sportspeople making waves around the world. New Zealanders are also responsible for the tranquilliser gun, seismic ‘base’ isolators (rubber and lead blocks which minimize earthquake damage), electric fences, the fastest motorbike in the world, freezer vacuum pumps, stamp vending machines and electronic petrol pump.New Zealand has a low population density and spectacular scenery. As a result, many New Zealanders have a love of their landscape and the outdoors. Hiking, mountaineering, and kayaking are enjoyed by many New Zealanders, while many more will explore their landscape with a trip to the beach or a bush walk. They are following in the footsteps of perhaps the most adventurous Kiwi, Sir Edmund Hillary, who conquered Mount Everest, the world’s highest mountain, in 1953. With so much coastline, it is little wonder New Zealanders love the water. They have a passion for ocean-going craft, and they were at the forefront of yacht design and racing during much of the 20th century. New Zealanders have also won many Olympic medals for yachting, windsurfing, kayaking, and rowing.indigenous – местный ancestor – предок perilous – рискованный, опасныйsophisticated– опытный, искусный, изощренныйurbandweller – городской жительvibrant – сильный, будоражащий. яркий rugged – грубый self-reliance – самостоятельность resourceful – изобретательный hardy – сильный, выносливыйingenuity – находчивость, ловкость, умениеearthquake – землетрясение pump – насосdensity – плотность kayaking – каноэtobushwalk – прокладывать путьIIThe first New Zealanders, the Maori, voyaged thousands of miles across the vast unknown Pacific Ocean in small ocean-going canoes. The Maori people are the indigenous people of New Zealand (Aotearoa) and first arrived there in voyaging canoes (wakahourua) from their homeland of Hawaiki over 1000 years ago. Today, Maori make up over 14% of the population. They live throughout New Zealand, and many are actively involved with keeping their culture and language alive. Maori people define themselves by their tribe (iwi), sub-tribe (hapu), mountain (maunga) and river (awa). In recent years, the introduction of Maori language nests (kohanga reo) has revived the Maori language. At kohanga reo, preschool children are encouraged to speak in Maori. Primary and secondary schools build on this early immersion by including Maori in the curriculum. Maori culture is a rich and varied one, and includes traditional and contemporary arts. Traditional arts such as carving, weaving, group performance (kapahaka), oratory (whaikorero) and tattoo (moko) are practiced throughout the country. Practitioners following in the footsteps of their ancestors (tipuna) replicate the techniques used hundreds of years ago, yet also develop exciting new techniques and forms. Traditional carvers also help to keep Maori culture alive by creating intricate works that pay respect to the past. Every piece carved tells a story, which can be read by those who know how. The shape of the heads, position of the body as well as the surface patterns work together to record and remember events.The ancient beliefs of Maori culture are recognized and respected by New Zealand’s leaders today. Recently, a North Island road project was modified to avoid disturbing a water monster (taniwha). In its original form, the road project would have encroached on a swamp which is the home of a one-eyed taniwha, Karutahi. The local tribe, NgatiNaho, believes the taniwha spends half the year in the swamp. It has a second home in the Waikato River, to which it swims during floods. To ensure that the swamp is undisturbed, Transit New Zealand has altered its plans so that this historic site is preserved. Today Maori culture also includes art, film, television, poetry, theatre and hip-hop.immersion – погружениеto weave – ткатьto replicate – дублировать, повторятьintricate – сложный, запутанныйto encroach on a swamp – вторгаться, захватыватьIIIThe arts in New Zealand reflect an exciting blend of cultural influences including Maori and Pacific Island, as well as European and Asian. From haka to hip-hop, fashion to film-making, New Zealand artists are making their mark at home and around the world. Whether you are interested in Maori carving or abstract painting, you’ll find lots of art in New Zealand. Traditional Maori arts such as carving and weaving are alive and well. You’ll find excellent examples in museums, shops, and on meeting groups (marae) throughout the country.New Zealand has a fine tradition of painting. C. Goldie (1870 – 1947) and Gottfried Lindauer (1839 – 1926) were two early artists who painted portraits of Maori subjects. Frances Hodgkins (1869 – 1947) is one of New Zealand’s most acclaimed and influential painters. She was associated with a number of avant-garde British movements including Neo Romanticism. Rita Angus (1908 – 1970) is a much-loved New Zealand artist who painted beautiful New Zealand landscapes and a large number of self-portraits. Colin McCahon (1919 – 1987) painted a large number of landscapes and used text, often of a religious nature, in many of his works. New Zealand has a vibrant contemporary art scene and most New Zealand towns have interesting art galleries and shops. Maori and Pacific, as well as feminist influences, are strong in contemporary New Zealand art. Artists such as Ralph Hotere, John Pule, Michael Parekowhai and Robyn Kahukiwa, not only create striking and dramatic images, but also provoke reactions from their audience. Katherine Mansfield (1888 – 1923) is the giant of early New Zealand literature. Regarded as being one of the finest short-story writers in English, she is the first in a long line of excellent New Zealand short-story writers. Stories such as “The Doll’s House”, “At the Bay”, and “The Garden Party” are superb examples of Mansfield’s depiction of turn-of-the-century colonial New Zealand.The twentieth century saw the emergence of many fine New Zealand novelists including John Mulgan (“Man Alone”), Robert Hyde (“The Godwits Fly”) and Janet Frame (“Owls do Cry”). Born in 1924, Janet Frame is one of New Zealand’s mostly highly regarded novelists. Frame’s books include devastating accounts of the treatment of mental patients in New Zealand during the 1950’s and 60’s. Her best-selling three-part autobiography was made into a top-rating television series and film “An Angel at my Table”.It should come as no surprise that much of New Zealand’s best poetry is about the country’s landscape. However, major New Zealand poets including James K. Baxter, Denis Glover and Sam Hunt also reveal a keen social conscience and wry sense of humour.As well as supporting a thriving local theatre scene, New Zealand performers regularly appear at festivals abroad, including the Edinburgh and Adelaide Festivals. Maori and Pacific Island writers and performers have had a big impact on the New Zealand theatre, giving it a unique and colourful Polynesian-influenced identity. Then, a competitive exchange rate, excellent scenery, and highly skilled workforce make New Zealand the perfect place to shoot a movie. New Zealand has produced many top directors, including Roger Donaldson (“Cocktail”), Jane Campion (“The Piano”), and Peter Jackson, who filmed his massive “Lord of the Rings” trilogy in New Zealand. These movies have proved that New Zealand can produce unique and intelligent movies equal to the best in the world.New Zealand fashion has come of age in the last few years. Exciting designers such as Karen Walker, World, and Zambesi have put the country on the fashion map, frequently exhibiting in London and Sydney. New Zealand fashion used to be largely a copy of European styles. Now it is a vibrant and dynamic industry with a range of influences, including those of Maori and Pacific Islands. New Zealand has three professional symphony orchestras, including the highly acclaimed NZSO (New Zealand Symphony Orchestra). There are also a large number of excellent choirs, such as the National Youth Choir, which recently won a number of prestigious international events. Recent co-productions between European-style groups, such as the Royal New Zealand Ballet and the NZSO, and Maori music and dance groups, are currently making waves.On top of everything, New Zealand is not just a distinctive country. It is also one of the strange contrasts and contradictions. It is an inland nation, but its geology and many of its landscapes are continental rather than insular. The country has an international image as one of the “greenest” countries on earth, yet in the past 1000 years, people have caused enormous changes in the New Zealand environment. To come to understand New Zealand you will have to learn that New Zealand is “something different, something nobody counted on.”emergence – появление, выходdevastating – разрушительный thriving – процветающий insular – островнойAfter-reading tasks1. Translate into English.1. Культура Новой Зеландии богата и разнообразна. В ней отразились элементы европейских, полинезийских и азиатских культурных традиций, привнесенные выходцами из многих стран мира, поселившимися здесь. В то же время, она однородна, как однородно и само новозеландское общество сегодня. 2. Народ маори населял территорию Новой Зеландии задолго до появления здесь первых европейцев. Предполагается, что первые представители маори поселились на этих островах порядка 1000 лет назад, совершив длительное океанское путешествие от берегов Хаваики (Hawaiki).3. Традиционная культура маори богата и разнообразна и включает в себя искусство вырезания по дереву и другим природным материалам, плетение, искусство татуировки (moko), групповые танцы и боевые ритуалы (kapahaka), легенды, сказания и мифы.4. Сегодня культура и язык маори являются неотъемлемой частью жизненного уклада страны. Современная культура маори также ярко представляется в кинематографе, поэзии, театре и литературе.5. Любой человек впервые приезжающий в Новую Зеландию, практически сразу сталкивается с языком маори, так как многие населенные пункты и иные места носят названия на этом языке: Whangarei, TePapaTongarewa и сотни других.6. Но не только культурными традициями богата жизнь Новой Зеландии. Архитектура, симфоническая и современная музыка, театр и кино, изобразительное искусство и литература – все это в Новой Зеландии заботливо развивается и поддерживается на уровне высочайших стандартов.2. Find five factual mistakes in the following passage from the text.The people who call themselves New Zealanders came from a great variety of ethnic backgrounds: the indigenous Maori; European, mostly Dutch but also Dalmatians who arrived last century and British who came afterwards: Chinese, who came to work the goldfields in the XIX th century; Pacific Islanders, who have come in sufficient numbers in recent decades to make Dublin the city with the largest number of Polynesians of any city in the world, and, finally, the representatives of a great number of other races – Indians, Vietnamese, Poles, Chileans, North Americans, Greeks, Cypriots. What the Maori first-comers share with those who descended from the XX century immigrants from America, is that their ancestors, to reach New Zealand, undertook long and often perilous voyages. 3. Match the words in Maori to their synonyms in English.Aotearoawakahouruaiwihapumaungaawakohanga reokapahakawhaikoreromokotipunataniwhamaraemountain ancestorlanguage nest riverNew Zealandoratoryvoyaging canoemeeting grouptattootribesub-tribegroup performancewater monster4. Expand on the sentence below.To come to understand New Zealand you will have to learn that New Zealand is “something different, something nobody counted on.”5. Complete the chart.short-story writerKatherine … “The … House”, “The … Party”…John Mulan“… Alone”novelist… Hyde“The Godwits …”……“Owls Do cry”top directorRoger Donaldson………“The Piano”…Peter Jackson6. Match the two parts of the sentence.C.F. Goldie (1870 – 1947) –Gottfried Lindauer (1839 – 1926) –Frances Hodgkins (1869 – 1947) –Rita Angus (1908 – 1970) –Colin McCahon (1919 – 1987) –Katherine Mansfield (1888 – 1923) –artist who painted portraits of Maori subjectsmost acclaimed and influential painter one of the finest short-story writers artist who painted portraits of Maori subjectsused text, often of a religious naturepainted beautiful New Zealand landscapes and a large number of self-portraits 7. Render the first part of the text.Reading“In a nutshell, the land and identity are inseparable”(Stories from Australia’s Culture and Recreation Portal)AUSTRALIA’S ABORIGINAL HERITAGECULTURAL DIVERSITYIBefore Europeans came to Australia, the very distinctive and culturally unique groups that made up Aboriginal Australia shared a number of common traits. They all shared an intimate understanding of, and relationship with, the land. It was the basis of their spiritual life. For Aboriginal people all that is sacred is localized in the landscape. All of Australia’s Aboriginals were semi-nomadic hunters and gatherers, with each clan having its own territory from which they “made their living”. These territories or “traditional lands” were defined by geographic boundaries such as rivers, lakes and mountains. The relationship between a clan and its “territory” involves certain rights, such as the right to use the land and its products. With these rights comes a duty to tend the land through the performance of ceremonies. Individuals within the clan also have special relationships with places in their territory. Where a person’s mother first became pregnant may mean an ongoing responsibility, in terms of right and duties, towards that place.There were coastal and inland tribes. Their “territories” ranged from lush woodland areas to harsh desert surroundings. Different groups needed to develop different skills and build a unique body of knowledge about their particular territories. Their tools reflected the geographical location of these different groups. For example, it is known that coastal tribes used fishbone to tip their weapons, whereas desert tribes used stone tips. While their tools varied by groups and location, Aboriginal people all had knives, scrapers, axe-heads, spears, various vessels for eating and drinking, and digging sticks. Not all groups had didgeridoos and, contrary to people belief, many did not have boomerangs. Moreover, some groups developed more tools than others. It was this affinity with their surroundings that goes a long way to explaining how Aboriginals survived for so many millennia. They were supremely expert in adapting to their environments. Aboriginals understood and cared for their different environments, and adapted to them. Australian Aboriginal culture is complex and extraordinary diverse. It is one of the world’s longest surviving cultures, which goes back at least 50,000 years. There were 500 different clan groups or “nations” around the continent, many with distinctive cultures and beliefs. Hundreds of languages and dialects existed (although many are now extinct), as well as a variety of different customs and rituals, art forms, styles of painting, forms of food, and hunting habits.There were between 200 and 250 Aboriginal languages spoken, with many different dialects, producing up to 700 varieties. This makes Aboriginal Australia one of the most linguistically diverse areas on the planet. Within the space of 80 kilometers you can still pass through the territories of three languages “less closely related than English, Russian and Hindu.” Language is vitally important in understanding Aboriginal heritage as much of their history is an oral history. Interestingly, various oral histories have been backed up by geological data, such as the flooding of Port Phillip Bay which occurred about 10,000 years ago.Australian Indigenous art is the oldest ongoing tradition of art in the world. Initial forms of artistic Aboriginal expression were rock carvings, body painting and ground designs, which date back more than 30,000 years. Art has always been an important part of Aboriginal life, connecting past and present, the people and the land, and the supernatural and reality. Aboriginal art has come to the forefront of Australia’s national identity in recent years, celebrated by Australians and the world in the opening ceremony of the 2000 Olympic Games. The prominence of Indigenous art is due in part to the motivation and considerable effort of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander artists, particularly painters, who have played a major role in introducing both Australia and the rest of the world to Australia’s Indigenous cultures. Indeed, the country’s Indigenous artists have had a major impact on the art world with exhibitions in major galleries around the globe. Indigenous art has embraced technology and new media. Indigenous Art Online and Maningrida art and culture are but two examples. There are also many galleries and exhibitions of Indigenous Art on the Internet, which have enhanced the international popularity and awareness of Aboriginal and Torres Trait Islander art. semi-nomadic – кочевойpreg