Эмоциональная лексика в английском языке (на основе "Великий Гетсби").

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
Глава 1. Эмоциональная лексика в английском языке
1.1. Понятие эмоциональной лексики
1.2. Краткая характеристика романа Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби»
Выводы по главе 1
Глава 2. Особенности использования эмоциональной лексики в английском языке на примере романа Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби»
2.1. Эмоциональная лексика с положительной коннотацией в романе Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби»
2.2. Эмоциональная лексика с отрицательной коннотацией в романе Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби»
Выводы по главе 2
Заключение
Список использованной литературы
Приложения
Приложение 1. Картотека примеров
Приложение 2. Словник

В таких случаях несмотря на то, что словарное значение данного слова исключает эмоциональную семантику, она появляется у этого слова в контексте его конкретного употребления.
Заключение
Эмоции составляют важную часть жизни человека, поэтому их номинации являются важной составляющей любого языка.
У исследователей существуют разные взгляды на определение того, что является эмоциональной лексикой. Наиболее обобщенно к данной категории лексики можно отнести две основных группы слов:
лексика, выражающая определенную эмоцию: damn, gorgeous (в случае, когда эти слова используются как восклицания);
лексика, непосредственно номинирующая эмоции: sadness, cheer.
В русском языке к первой группе лексики относятся многочисленные слова со специфическими суффиксами, имеющими эмоциональную семантику (молодчинка, дурачок), однако в английском языке возможности такого словообразования значительно ограничены, поэтому в фокусе нашего исследования оказалась вторая группа слов-эмотивов – лексика, номинирующая эмоции.
В качестве основного материала исследования был использован текст романа Ф.С. Фитцджеральда «Великий Гэтсби», из которого было отобрано 87 предложений, содержащих эмотивы.
Общее количество отобранных эмотивов составило 87 единиц, из них 40 единиц – эмотивы с положительной коннотацией и 47 – эмотивы с отрицательной коннотацией.
Корпус эмотивов с отрицательной коннотацией является более разнообразным по своему наполнению. В романе «Великий Гэтсби» представлено 28 различных групп или лексических единиц, номинирующих отрицательные эмоции, и только 14 – номинирующих положительные эмоции.
Исходя из количества случаев употребления соответствующих лексем в романе, мы можем сказать, что ключевыми антонимическими эмотивами в описании эмоций человека в английском языке являются cheer- (cheerful, cheerfully) и sad- (sadly, sadness).
В качестве особенности английского языка необходимо отметить и то, что некоторое количество неэмоцональной лексики может принимать эмоциональное значение окказионально, подвергаясь воздействию общего смысла высказывания. В таких случаях несмотря на то, что словарное значение данного слова исключает эмоциональную семантику, она появляется у этого слова в контексте его конкретного употребления.
Таким образом, необходимо отметить, что в английском языке наблюдается большая склонность к номинированию отрицательных эмоций, нежели положительных: таких упоминаний больше и в абсолютном количественном сопоставлении и с точки зрения разнообразия номинаций.
Причиной сложившейся ситуации нам видится то, что американская культура (а именно она отражена в рассматривавшемся романе), в целом, культура оптимистичная. Соответственно, позитивное, жизнерадостное, счастливое настроение является в каком-то смысле нормативным для носителей данной культуры. В качестве доказательства этого положения достаточно привести пример типичного приветствия: на вопрос How are you? (Как дела?) не принято сообщать, что дела идут плохо, даже если это действительно так. Вероятно, в связи с тем, что положительное эмоциональное состояние человека является в американской культуре прецедентным, оно гораздо реже описывается. В то же время отрицательное эмоциональное состояние – нечто необычное, поэтому детализированность описания здесь выше. Однако объяснение причин данного явления не входило в спектр задач настоящей работы, поэтому его необходимо более подробно исследовать в дальнейшем.
Список использованной литературы
Бабенко Л.Г. Лексические средства обозначения эмоций в русском языке. – Свердловск: Изд-во Урал. ун-та, 1989. – 184 с.
Вайгла Э.А. Эмоциональная лексика современного русского языка и проблемы ее перевода (на русско-эстонском материале) : автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. – М., 1978. – 24 с.
Вольф Е.М. Функциональная семантика оценки. – М.: Эдиториал УРСС, 2002. – 210 с.
Галкина-Федорук Е.М. Об экспрессивности и эмоциональности в языке: сб. ст., посвящ. 60-летию проф. В.В. Виноградова. – М.: МГУ, 1958. – С. 103-124.
Голуб И.Б. Стилистика современного русского языка. – М.: Рольф Айрис-пресс, 1997. – 448 с.
Горбунов А.Н. Романы Ф.С. Фицджеральда. – М.: Наука, 1974. – 148 с.
Графова Т.А. Роль эмотивной коннотации в семантике слова: автореф. дис. … канд. филол. наук. – М., 1987. – 22 с.
Кухалашвили В.К. Фицджеральд и американский литературный процесс 20-30 годов ХХ века. – К.: Наукова думка, 1983. – 237 с.
Сандомирская И.И. Эмотивный компонент в значении глагола (на материале глаголов, обозначающих поведение) // Человеческий фактор в языке: языковые механизмы экспрессивности. – М.: Наука, 1991. – С. 114-136.
Телия В.Н. Коннотативный аспект семантики номинативных единиц. – М.: Высш. шк., 1986. – 240 с.
Телия В.Н. Коннотация // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / под ред. В.Н. Ярцевой. – М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. – С. 236.
Телия В.Н. Механизмы экспрессивной окраски языковых единиц // Человеческий фактор в языке: языковые механизмы экспрессивности. – М.: Наука, 1991. – С. 36-66.
Шаховский В.И. Категоризация эмоций в лексико-семантической системе языка. – Воронеж: Изд-во ВГУ, 1987. – 250 с.
Шмелев Д.Н. Очерки по семасиологии русского языка. – М.: Едитория УРСС, 2003. – 204 с.
Словари
Мюллер В.К. Новый англо-русский, русско-английский словарь / New English-Russian, Russian-English Dictionary. – М.: Эксмо, 2009. – 880 с.
McMillan Dictionary. – Электронный ресурс. – Режим доступа: http://www.macmillandictionary.com/
Источники фактического материала
Фицджеральд Ф.С. Великий Гэтсби / предисл., коммент. Е.В. Угаровой. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2010. – 288 с.
Приложения
Приложение 1. Картотека примеров
I enjoyed the counter-raid so thoroughly that I came back restless. 5
I enjoyed looking at her. 13
I was enjoying myself now. 51
‘I have enjoyed my lunch,’ he said, ‘and I’m going to run off from you two young men before I outstay my welcome.’ 78
’ ‘Gratulate me,’ she muttered. ‘Never had a drink before but oh, how I do enjoy it.’82
The groups change more swiftly, swell with new arrivals, dissolve and form in the same breath – already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the center of a group and then excited with triumph glide on through the seachange of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light. 44-45
‘I’m glad, Jay.’ Her throat, full of aching, grieving beauty, told only of her unexpected joy. 96
After his embarrassment and his unreasoning joy he was consumed with wonder at her presence. 98
‘I’m glad, Jay.’ Her throat, full of aching, grieving beauty, told only of her unexpected joy. 96
The friends looked out at us with the tragic eyes and short upper lips of south-eastern Europe, and I was glad that the sight of Gatsby’s splendid car was included in their somber holiday. 74
‘I certainly am awfully glad to see you again.’ 92
‘He came to us dead broke. He was very glad to pick up some money, old sport.’ 143
After his embarrassment and his unreasoning joy he was consumed with wonder at her presence. 98
That was my fault – Gatsby had been called to the phone and I’d enjoyed these same people only two weeks before. 114
A celebrated tenor had sung in Italian and a notorious contralto had sung in jazz and between the numbers people were doing ‘stunts’ all over the garden, while happy vacuous bursts of laughter rose toward the summer sky. 51
A celebrated tenor had sung in Italian and a notorious contralto had sung in jazz and between the numbers people were doing ‘stunts’ all over the garden, while happy vacuous bursts of laughter rose toward the summer sky. 51
The evening had made me light-headed and happy; I think I walked into a deep sleep as I entered my front door. 89
The evening had made me light-headed and happy; I think I walked into a deep sleep as I entered my front door. 89
She showed a surprising amount of character about it too – looked at the coroner with determined eyes under that corrected brow of hers and swore that her sister had never seen Gatsby, that her sister was completely happy with her husband, that her sister had been into no mischief whatever. 174
‘I’m p-paralyzed with happiness.’ 11
She laughed again, as if she said something very witty, and held my hand for a moment, looking up into my face, promising that there was no one in the world she so much wanted to see. 11
I was happier on the lawns because I had on shoes from England with rubber nobs on the soles that bit into the soft ground. 80
As I went over to say goodbye I saw that the expression of bewilderment had come back into Gatsby’s face, as though a faint doubt had occurred to him as to the quality of his present happiness. 103
Their house was even more elaborate than I expected, a cheerful red and white Georgian Colonial mansion overlooking the bay. 9
They came to the door with me and stood side by side in a cheerful square of light. 23
I have been drunk just twice in my life and the second time was that afternoon so everything that happened has a dim hazy cast over it although until after eight o’clock the apartment was full of cheerful sun. 33
Laughter is easier, minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. 44
Jordan looked at him alertly, cheerfully without answering. 55
A dead man passed us in a hearse heaped with blooms, followed by two carriages with drawn blinds and by more cheerful carriages for friends. 74
The music had died down as the ceremony began and now a long cheer floated in at the window, followed by intermittent cries of ‘Yea—ea—ea!’ and finally by a burst of jazz as the dancing began. 136
For Daisy was young and her artificial world was redolent of orchids and pleasant, cheerful snobbery and orchestras which set the rhythm of the year, summing up the sadness and suggestiveness of life in new tunes. 161
For Daisy was young and her artificial world was redolent of orchids and pleasant, cheerful snobbery and orchestras which set the rhythm of the year, summing up the sadness and suggestiveness of life in new tunes. 161
And last the murky yellow cars of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad looking cheerful as Christmas itself on the tracks beside the gate. 187
Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth – but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered ‘Listen,’ a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. 12
Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth – but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered ‘Listen,’ a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. 12
‘How gorgeous! Let’s go back, Tom. Tomorrow!’ 12
And as I walked on I was lonely no longer. 6
But evidently the sound of it pleased Gatsby for Tom remained ‘the polo player’ for the rest of the evening. 113
‘Several years,’ he answered in a gratified way. 78
They weren’t happy, and neither of them had touched the chicken or the ale—and yet they weren’t unhappy either. 155
‘All right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.’ 20
‘All right,’ I said, ‘I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.’ 20
‘I’m glad, Jay.’ Her throat, full of aching, grieving beauty, told only of her unexpected joy. 96
‘I’m glad, Jay.’ Her throat, full of aching, grieving beauty, told only of her unexpected joy. 96
A celebrated tenor had sung in Italian and a notorious contralto had sung in jazz and between the numbers people were doing ‘stunts’ all over the garden, while happy vacuous bursts of laughter rose toward the summer sky. 51
Gatsby got himself into a shadow and while Daisy and I talked looked conscientiously from one to the other of us with tense unhappy eyes. 93
‘Is it all quiet up there?’ he asked anxiously. 155
When Klipspringer had played ‘The Love Nest’ he turned around on the bench and searched unhappily for Gatsby in the gloom. 102
As I went over to say goodbye I saw that the expression of bewilderment had come back into Gatsby’s face, as though a faint doubt had occurred to him as to the quality of his present happiness. 103
But with every word she was drawing further and further into herself, so he gave that up and only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away, trying to touch what was no longer tangible, struggling unhappily, undespairingly, toward that lost voice across the room. 144
But with every word she was drawing further and further into herself, so he gave that up and only the dead dream fought on as the afternoon slipped away, trying to touch what was no longer tangible, struggling unhappily, undespairingly, toward that lost voice across the room. 144
The friends looked out at us with the tragic eyes and short upper lips of south-eastern Europe, and I was glad that the sight of Gatsby’s splendid car was included in their somber holiday. 74
‘He came to us dead broke. He was very glad to pick up some money, old sport.’ 143
‘They’re a rotten crowd,’ I shouted across the lawn. ‘You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together.’ 164
‘They’re a rotten crowd,’ I shouted across the lawn. ‘You’re worth the whole damn bunch put together.’ 164
For Daisy was young and her artificial world was redolent of orchids and pleasant, cheerful snobbery and orchestras which set the rhythm of the year, summing up the sadness and suggestiveness of life in new tunes. 161
Her face was sad and lovely with bright things in it, bright eyes and a bright passionate mouth – but there was an excitement in her voice that men who had cared for her found difficult to forget: a singing compulsion, a whispered ‘Listen,’ a promise that she had done gay, exciting things just a while since and that there were gay, exciting things hovering in the next hour. 12
‘Tom’s getting very profound,’ said Daisy with an expression of unthoughtful sadness. 16
She had drunk a quantity of champagne and during the course of her song she had decided ineptly that everything was very very sad – she was not only singing, she was weeping too. 56
After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe – Paris, Venice, Rome – collecting jewels, chiefly rubies, hunting big game, painting a little, things for myself only, and trying to forget something very sad that had happened to me long ago. 71
You see, I usually find myself among strangers because I drift here and there trying to forget the sad thing that happened to me. 73
It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such – such beautiful shirts before. 99
It is invariably saddening to look through new eyes at things upon which you have expended your own powers of adjustment. 112
Her glance left me and sought the lighted top of the steps where ‘Three o’Clock in the Morning,’ a neat, sad little waltz of that year, was drifting out the open door. 116-117
All night the saxophones wailed the hopeless comment of the ‘Beale Street Blues’ while a hundred pairs of golden and silver slippers shuffled the shining dust. 161
At the grey tea hour there were always rooms that throbbed incessantly with this low sweet fever, while fresh faces drifted here and there like rose petals blown by the sad horns around the floor. 161
He drew me into his office, remarking in a reverent voice that it was a sad time for all of us, and offered me a cigar. 182
All the cars have the left rear wheel painted black as a mourning wreath and there’s a persistent wail all night along the North Shore. 12
It was lonely for a day or so until one morning some man, more recently arrived than I, stopped me on the road. 6
As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction of the cocktail table – the only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone. 46
As soon as I arrived I made an attempt to find my host but the two or three people of whom I asked his whereabouts stared at me in such an amazed way and denied so vehemently any knowledge of his movements that I slunk off in the direction of the cocktail table – the only place in the garden where a single man could linger without looking purposeless and alone. 46
Tom was evidently perturbed at Daisy’s running around alone, for on the following Saturday night he came with her to Gatsby’s party. 111
I do leave it alone,’ affirmed the accused hollowly. 114
He looked at me anxiously as if he hoped I’d corroborate this. 164
I drove from the station directly to Gatsby’s house and my rushing anxiously up the front steps was the first thing that alarmed any one. 172-173
It was after we started with Gatsby toward the house that the gardener saw Wilson’s body a little way off in the grass, and the holocaust was complete. 173
Angry, and half in love with her, and tremendously sorry, I turned away. 190
One of the men was talking with curious intensity to a young actress, and his wife after attempting to laugh at the situation in a dignified and indifferent way broke down entirely and resorted to flank attacks – at intervals she appeared suddenly at his side like an angry diamond, and hissed ‘You promised!’ into his ear. 57
One of the men was talking with curious intensity to a young actress, and his wife after attempting to laugh at the situation in a dignified and indifferent way broke down entirely and resorted to flank attacks – at intervals she appeared suddenly at his side like an angry diamond, and hissed ‘You promised!’ into his ear. 57
Angry as I was, as we all were, I was tempted to laugh whenever he opened his mouth. 139
He was walking ahead of me along Fifth Avenue in his alert, aggressive way, his hands out a little from his body as if to fight off interference, his head moving sharply here and there, adapting itself to his restless eyes. 190
He was walking ahead of me along Fifth Avenue in his alert, aggressive way, his hands out a little from his body as if to fight off interference, his head moving sharply here and there, adapting itself to his restless eyes. 190
He was walking ahead of me along Fifth Avenue in his alert, aggressive way, his hands out a little from his body as if to fight off interference, his head moving sharply here and there, adapting itself to his restless eyes. 190
Two shining, arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward. 9
Two shining, arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face and gave him the appearance of always leaning aggressively forward. 9
‘I know your wife,’ continued Gatsby, almost aggressively. 109
‘Where’ve you been?’ he demanded eagerly. ‘Daisy’s furious because you haven’t called up.’ 80
Приложение 2. Словник
Лексемы-эмотивы с положительной коннотацией
Cheer (1), cheerful (7), cheerfully (1) = 8
Happy (4), happiness (2), happier (1) = 7
Enjoy (6)
Glad (5)
Joy (2), joyous (1) = 3
Laugh (1), bursts of laughter (1) = 2
Pleased (1), pleasant (1) = 2
Embarrassment (1)
Exciting (1)
Gay (1)
Gorgeous (1)
Gratified (1)
Light-headed (1)
Lonely no longer (1)
Количество лексем-эмотивов с положительной коннотацией: 40
Лексемы-эмотивы с отрицательной коннотацией
Sad (5), sadness (5), saddening (1) = 11
Unhappy (2), unhappily (2) = 4
Angry (3)
Anxiously (3)
Aggressively (2)
Lonely (1), alone (1) = 2
Aching (1)
Aggressive (1)
Alert (1)
Arrogant (1)
Bewilderment (1)
Damn (1)
Dead broke (1)
Fool (1)
Furious (1)
Grieving (1)
Hiss (1)
Hollowly (1)
Holocaust (1)
Hopeless (1)
Mourning (1)
Perturbed (1)
Purposeless (1)
Restless (1)
Rotten (1)
Somber (1)
Undespairingly (1)
Vacuous (1)
Количество лексем-эмотивов с отрицательной коннотацией: 47
Здесь и далее в круглых скобках дан номер страницы по изданию: Фицджеральд Ф.С. Великий Гэтсби / предисл., коммент. Е.В. Угаровой. – М.: Айрис-пресс, 2010. – 288 с.
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