Международная торговля в России: в 19 - 20 веках

Contents
Introduction
Chapter I. The Forming of the Foreign Market in the Second Half of the 19th Century
1. Social and Economic Situation in Russia at the Second Half of the 19th century
2. Annexation of Central Asia to Russia
Chapter II. The Structure of International Trade of the 20th Century
1. Export and Its Dynamics
2. Russia and Germany
3. Russia and Great Britain
4. Russia and Italy
5. Russia and the USA
6. Russia and France
7. Russia and Japan
Conclusion
The List of Used Books
Enclosure

It takes one of the dominating positions in economic power. Japan produces about 12 % of world industrial production. Its main business partners are the USA (about 29 % of commodity circulation), the countries of South Eastern Asia (25,6 %) and the countries of EU (16 %). The total commodity circulation between Japan and Russia is less than 1 % of foreign commodity circulation in Japan.
Japan mainly purchases the traditional list of Russian products: wood, coal, scrap metal, fish and seafood. The changes in the commodity circulations between Japan and Russia during 1991 – 1994 are illustrated in Table 3.
The commodity composition of Russian – Japan trade doesn’t keep up with the demands of scientific and technical progress. For example, in Russian export the quantity of crude raw materials (mainly Far Eastern) and of the lowly processed production is 50 % and 40 % respectfully, while the sector of machine engineering and equipment takes less than 1 %. In Russian import from Japan we can notice the low level of industrial equipment and other means of production essential for structural reforms of domestic industry. At the same time the continuing changes in Japanese economy and qualitative shifts on world’s fuel and other markets in favor of consumers decrease the interest of some Japanese business partners in developing of economic, scientific and technical relations with Russia which now is considered as a “secondary partner”.
Russia could export much more goods if not for the break of the time of delivery and, often, low quality of the production. Moreover, the question about “northern territories” is opened. According to Japanese experts this could be a serious obstacle for development of bilateral relations.
Nevertheless, Russian export to Japan still has significant reserves for growing because during next 10 years Japan will become world’s biggest importer of wood, fish and seafood, of different kinds of oil products and gas, of coal and metallurgical raw materials, of non-ferrous metals and other products of Russian export.
Conclusion
The forming of market economy in Russia is accompanied by deep internal structural changes and also by changes in international commercial and economic relations. The process of Russian integration into the world economy has many difficulties because this process requires trade privileges, protection measures and strong technical support. Today the countries with developed market economy don’t demonstrate their readiness for this support. Even during the initial stage of market developing world export leaders show their unwillingness to accept new suppliers of the cheap production. We can suppose that with the increase of exported goods from Russia western countries will use strict protectionist measures with the help of antidumping procedures.
At the same time Russia also tries to protect domestic commodity producers helping them to increase their competitiveness first of all due to an increase of import customs. But these measures can be considered only as temporal ones. That’s why government works out the program of decreasing of an import custom tariffs. This program is to be realized within 10 years.
Nevertheless, in spite of all the difficulties in export and import Russian commodity circulation with the countries with developed market economy is increasing. It means that the trade and economic relations with the most important international partners are becoming stronger.
The reforms that take place in Russian external economic complex completely change “the face” of Russian economy. These changes are of great importance if we talk about relations between Russia and EU, USA and eastern and central European countries and, as a result, they influence the whole system of international economic relations. The sphere of foreign commerce gives great opportunities for building and development of domestic economy, for maintenance of common weal and for forming of national budget. The future model of Russian integration into the world economy should take into account of its faults and merits.
Success and fails in trade aren’t something static. The competitiveness in different spheres may vary from company to company when the changes on world market or an appearance of the new technologies gives an opportunity to produce cheaper goods of the better quality. The history and experience demonstrate that entire countries may lose or gain their competitiveness during their economic development.
But at the same time without an effective supporting system of domestic producers Russian dependence on export of raw materials and import of foodstuffs will become the most vulnerable point of national economy.
The List of Used Books
Бабышев Л. Внешнеэкономические связи России с Италией. // Внешняя торговля. –1993. –№2.
Белов В. Российско-германские экономические отношения. // Внешняя торговля. –1994. –№4.
Борисов А. Россия-Франция: новый этап в развитии торгово-экономических отношений. // Внешняя торговля. –1995. –№5.
Борисов А. Новый уровень российско-французских торгово-экономических связей. // Внешняя торговля. –1996. –№4.
Борисов А. Россия-страны Бенилюкса: связи развиваются. // Внешняя торговля. –1995. –№7-8.
Бушин Б. Российско-германские деловые связи. // Внешняя торговля. –1996. –№1-2.
Вардомский Л. Региональные приоритеты зарубежных стран в России. // Внешняя торговля. –1996. –№4.
Давыдов О. Россия – США: изменения в подходах к экономическому сотрудничеству. // Внешняя торговля. –1996. –№5.Дворянское собрание // Отечественная история: Энциклопедия. Т. 1. М., 1993.
Долгоруков А. Российско-американская торговля обретает надежную основу. // Российские вести. –1994. –9 февраля.
Заичкин И.А., Почкаев И.Н. Русская история: От Екатерины Великой до Александра II. М., 1994.
Казаков И., Родионов А. Российско-японская торговля. // Внешняя торговля. –1995. –№2-3.
Корнилов А.А. Курс истории России. XIX в. М., 1993.
Международные экономические отношения. Под ред. Б. П. Супруновича. –М.: “ГФА”, 1995.
Миронов Б.Н. Внутренний рынок России второй половины XVIII - первой половины XIX в. Л., 1981.
Окунь С.Б. История СССР: Лекции. Ч. 1: Кон. XVIII - нач. XIX вв. Л., 1974.
Основы внешнеэкономических знаний. Отв. ред. И.П.Фаминский. –М.: “Международные отношения”, 1994.
Пебро М. Международные экономические, валютные и финансовые отношения. –М.: “Прогресс”, 1994.
Платонов С.Ф. Лекции по русской истории. М., 1993.
Пушкарев С.Г. Обзор русской истории. М., 1991.
Россия: внешнеэкономические связи в условиях перехода к рынку. Под. ред. И.П.Фаминского. –М.: “МО”,1993.
Родионов А., Цветков Ю. Споры по торговым сделкам – новое явление в российско-японской торговле. // Внешняя торговля. –1996. –№6.
Хашутогов А. Российско-британская торговля в начале 90-х годов и ее перспективы. // Внешняя торговля. –1995. –№6.
Enclosure
Table 1. Foreign commerce of Russia and several countries in 1993 – 1995. (Millions of dollars).
Export Import Year 1993 1994 1995 1993 1994 1995 Great Britain 3353 3642 3103 653 896 1100 Germany 5074 5465 6079 5142 5681 6536 Italy 2629 2739 3292 1106 1589 1851 Belgium 1057 1381 1507 466 614 871 Netherlands 979 2401 3183 431 1610 1646 France 1556 1236 1516 899 1004 1074 USA 1997 3476 4330 2304 2069 2648 Japan 2005 2267 3173 1367 1114 763
Table 2. Commodity circulation between Russia and Germany in1992 – 1995. (Millions of Deutsch marks).
1992 1993 1994 1995 Commodity circulation 21800 22113 23909 24000 Russian Export 11200 10720 13155 13500 Russian Import 10600 11393 10754 10500 Balance +600 -673 +2401 +3000
 Table 3. Commodity circulation between Russia and Japan in 1991 – 1994. (Millions of dollars).
1991 1992 1993 1994 1994 Commodity circulation 4046,7 3248,8 3372,0 2243,4 1100,6 Russian Export 1880,7 1568,7 2005,1 1514,0 578,0 Russian Import 2166,0 1680,1 1366,9 729,4 522,6
Table 4. The dynamics of Russian export in 2003 – 2006 with exclusion of seasonal and calendar components (2) and without exclusion (1). (January 1995 – 100%).

Table 5. The dynamics of Russian import in 2003 – 2006 with exclusion of seasonal and calendar components (2) and without exclusion (1). (January 1995 – 100%).


Table 6. Russian Export in different spheres, given in %.
 
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Jan.-Sept.2006
Crude oil
46,5
49,7
53,1
56,1
53,7
57,0
Oil Products
35,5
40,8
40,9
42,1
46,9
47,8
Gas
31,2
31,2
32,7
33,9
32,6
31,3
Coal
22,2
23,8
30,8
52,9
51,8
53,8
Logs
53,4
51,0
46,1
49,6
56,9
62,7
Plywood
64,5
64,2
60,9
64,4
59,9
61,2
Wood cellulose
83,7
85,1
82,9
77,6
80,7
79,2
Newsprint
67,4
68,6
66,0
65,6
67,7
57,3
Flat section of carbon steel
43,0
50,5
47,1
46,1
45,3
39,7
Passenger cars
10,1
12,3
11,7
11,8
12,3
10,7
Lorries
12,3
20,8
19,3
23,0
24,1
20,6