Разные подходы к глобализации (и теории)

Table of contents
Introduction
The essence of globalization
Definition of globalization
The origin of globalization
Types of globalization
Driving Forces of globalization
Different approaches to globalization
Critiques approaches
Globalization as an attack on Democracy
Conclusion
The list of literature
Appendix №1
Appendix № 2

) Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human, animal and plant diseases, like HIV/AIDS, SARS and bird flu, across borders. The AIDS crisis has reduced life expectancy in some parts of Africa to less than 33 years and delays in addressing the problems, caused by economic pressures, have exacerbated the situation.Globalization has also enabled the introduction of cigarettes and tobacco to developing countries, with major adverse health and financial costs associated with that. 4.
 
  Increased global income and reduced investment barriers have led to an increase in foreign direct investment which has accelerated growth in many countries. In 1975, total foreign direct investment amounted to US$23 billion while in 2003 it totaled US$575 billion. The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems like the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990's.
  5.
 
  Improved environmental awareness and accountability has contributed to positive environmental outcomes by encouraging the use of more efficient, less-polluting technologies and facilitating economies' imports of renewable substitutes for use in place of scarce domestic natural resources. The environment has been harmed as agricultural, forest, mining and fishing industries exploit inadequate environmental codes and corrupt behavior in developing countries. Agricultural seed companies are destroying the biodiversity of the planet, and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood. 6.
 
 
  Increasing interdependence and global institutions like WTO and World Bank, that manage the settlement of government-to-government disputes, have enabled international political and economic tensions to be resolved on a «rules based» approach, rather than which country has the greatest economic or political power. Importantly it has bolstered peace as countries are unlikely to enter conflict with trading partners and poverty reduction helps reduce the breeding ground for terrorism. The major economic powers have a major influence in the institutions of globalization, like the WTO, and this can work against the interests of the developing world. The level of agricultural protection by rich countries has also been estimated to be around five times what they provide in aid to poor countries 7.
 
  Improved technology has dramatically reduced costs and prices changing the way the world communicates, learns, does business and treats illnesses. Between 1990 and 1999, adult illiteracy rates in developing countries fell from 35 per cent to 29 per cent. Trade liberalisation and technological improvements change the economy of a country, destroying traditional agricultural communities and allowing cheap imports of manufactured goods. This can lead to unemployment if not carefully managed, as work in the traditional sectors of the economy becomes scarce and people may not have the appropriate skills for the jobs which may be created. 8.
 
  Modern communications and the global spread of information have contributed to the toppling of undemocratic regimes and a growth in liberal democracies around the world.
  Modern communications have spread an awareness of the differences between countries, and increased the demand for migration to richer countries. Richer countries have tightened the barriers against migrant workers, xenophobic fears have increased and people smugglers have exploited vulnerable people. 9.
 
 
  The voluntary adoption by global companies of workplace standards for their internationalised production facilities in developing countries has made an important contribution to respect for international labour standards. Wages paid by multinationals in middle- and low-income countries are on average 1.8 to 2.0 times the average wages in those countries. Globalised competition can force a 'race to the bottom' in wage rates and labour standards. It can also foster a 'brain drain' of skilled workers, where highly educated and qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers and IT specialists, migrate to developed countries to benefit from the higher wages and greater career and lifestyle prospects. This creates severe skilled labour shortages in developing countries.
  10.
  International migration has led to greater recognition of diversity and respect for cultural identities which is improving democracy and access to human rights. Indigenous and national culture and languages can be eroded by the modern globalised culture.   Source: AusAID, 2004, (http://www.ausaid.gov.au/) Source: The World Bank, 2004, (http://www.worldbank.org/)United Nations Development Programme, 2004 (http://www.undp.org/) Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:
Industrial (alias trans nationalization) - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies;
Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for corporate, national and subnational borrowers ;
Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital;
Political - political globalization is the creation of a world government which regulates the relationships among nations and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization; remote
Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations;
Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities such as Globalism - which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to consume and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a «world culture»;
Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that can not be solved without international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Many factories are built in developing countries where they can pollute freely;
Social - the achievement of free circulation by people of all nations;
Transportation - fewer and fewer European cars on European roads each year (the same can also be said about American cars on American roads) and the death of distance through the incorporation of technology to decrease travel time;
Greater international cultural exchange
Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity (e.g. through the export of Hollywood and Bollywood movies). However, the imported culture can easily supplant the local culture, causing reduction in diversity through hybridization or even assimilation. The most prominent form of this is Westernization, but Sinicization of cultures has taken place over most of Asia for many centuries;
Greater international travel and tourism;
Greater immigration, including illegal immigration;
Spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture);
World-wide fads and pop culture such as Pokémon, Sudoku, Numa Numa, Origami, Idol series, YouTube, Orkut, Facebook, and MySpace.
World-wide sporting events such as FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games;
Formation or development of a set of universal values;
Technical/legal
Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber optic cable, and wireless telephones ;
Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g. copyright laws, patents and world trade agreements;
The push by many advocates for an international criminal court and international justice movements.
Do you like it or not, globalization is a reality. Many countries have committed themselves to reducing poverty through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and are cooperating together to work out smart ways to manage globalization. The globalization is complexes process which has not only economic, but also a cultural, technological and political dimension. The result of globalization is the global polarization and imbalance, only a few countries have access to the benefits of globalization, while others remain at the margin without having even the hope of getting in within a more or less short timeframe. Present international imbalance caused by globalization is also the result of large scale misuse of technology and acting according to economical reasons only, loosing and ignoring the other aspects, such as human solidarity and environment. The process of globalization needs humanization. It can not be accepted as a «new colonialism».
The list of literature
Researches:
Challenges and risks of globalization. Martin Wolf, Associate Editor and Chief Economics Commentator// Financial Times. March 24th 2007 year.
(Electronic version)
The Threat of Globalization by Edward S. Herman// New Politics, winter 1999 year. (Electronic version)
Internet-sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-globalization
http://globalpolicy.igc.org/globaliz/bibliog.htm
www.globalisationguide.org.
http://www.worldbank.org
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization
http://www.vlc.ru/congress/en/information/plen_catalinich.htm
http://www.sociology.emory.edu/globalization/issues01.html
http://www.vlc.ru/congress/en/information/plen_catalinich.htm
http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=en&u
www.globaleducation.edna.edu.au/globaled/go/cache/offonce/pid/178&sa=
http://www.ausaid.gov.au/publications/pubout.cfm?ID=8919_7048_6624_3
15.http://www.narodonaselenie.ru/3-2001-s.htm
16.http://www.globalprogress.org/ingles/Washington/iglesias.html
17.http://www.globalprogress.org/ingles/Washington/iglesias.html
Appendix №1
Popular attitudes toward globalization
According to a 2003 survey of teenagers from New York, Lebanon, Azerbaijan, and the Philippines, teenagers both in the United States and elsewhere are largely in favor of globalization.
Conversely a CNN survey in 2007 found that only 5% of all people in America are in favor of globalization. The people involved cited major job insecurity as a big worry. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization)
Appendix № 2
As for additional material I have decided to translate in russian the majority of unknown words, and some of them, that are more often used in my work, I have decided to explain in English:
Globalization-the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries
political corruption- коррупция в политике
instability- uncertainty caused by the possibility of a sudden change in the present situation (неустойчивость)
term paper-курсовая
cognitive-познавательный
an approach- a way of considering something (подход)
on the basis- на основе
the essence- the basic or most important idea or quality of something (суть)
definition- a statement explaining the meaning of a word or idea (определение)
complicated-сложный
to reflect-отражать
mobility-изменчивость, подвижность, мобильность
Eeither….or- или….или
assessment-оценка, определение стоимости, ценности
global inequality- глобальное неравенство
pejorative –уничижительный, умоляющий
inexorable integration- неумолимая интеграция
virtually- фактически, практически, в сущности
compression of the world-сжатие, сокращение мира
consciousness-сознание, понимание
to concrete- to cover something in concrete (объединять, соединять)
to devaluate- to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money (обесценивание, девальвация)
to trace back- выяснять происхождение
to permeate- проникать, пронизывать, распространяться
origin- происхождение
contemporary- existing or happening now (современный)
trade- the activity of buying and selling, or exchanging, goods and/or services between people or countries (торговля)
a dominance- is power or control.(господство, влияние, преобладание)
expansion of- when something increases in size, number or importance (расширение чего-либо, экспансия чего-либо)
rapid growth- значительный, быстрый рост
to repeal- отменять, аннулировать
trade restrictions- торговые ограничения
break down- провалиться, разрушать, потерпеть неудачу
assassination of- убийство, разрушение, уничтожение чего-либо
archduke- канализация
to integrate- to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life, habits and customs (интеграция)
a preference- предпочтение, преимущество
consumption patterns- модель(форма) потребления
similar-похожий, сходный
spill over effect- эффект развития, распространения
per capita incomes- If you state an amount per capita, you mean that amount for each person (доход на душу населения)
critiques approaches- критические подходы
current wave-текущая (настоящая) волна
unsustainable harm-неустойчивый, нежизнеспособный вред
perceived human costs- воспринимаемые человеческие затраты
fatal consequences- an often bad or inconvenient result of a particular action or situation (фатальные последствия)
a breakdown- упадок
income inequality- неравенство (разница)доходов
poverty- the condition of being extremely poor (бедность)
$1 a day 1 доллар в день
biased methodology-пристрастная (фанатичная) методология
controversial- спорный, сомнительный
to dispute- to disagree with something that someone says (споры, дискуссии)
proponents- сторонник, защитник
cyclical nature- циклическая природа
to contribute- содействовать, способствовать чему-либо
harmful- causing harm (вредный, пагубный)
a claim- требование
attempt- попытка
related to- относиться к чему-либо
diversified-разнообразный
to argue- дискутировать. 2.ссориться
unsustainable growth- устойчивый рост
a debt- something, especially money, which is owed to someone else, or the state of owing something (долг)
supranational undemocratic powers
currently globalization- нынешняя глоболизация
to encompass-выполнять, окружать
an accusation-обвинение, упрек
to displace- перемещать
a shift- изменение, смена
a response- ответ
domestic company- семейная компания
to invest- if you invest money, you pay it into a bank or buy shares so that you will receive a profit.инвестирование
tend to-стремиться
to exclude- исключать, недопускать
reckless lending- необдуманное кредитование
indeed- в самом деле, действительно
a corruption- illegal, immoral or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power (коррупция, упадок)
the decrease- уменьшение
the doubling of life- повторение, дублирование жизни
diminishing- уменьшающийся, убывающий
a suffrage- одобрение, согласие
a rising rate- растущая ставка, рейтинг
to attack- to try to hurt or defeat using violence (нападение, атака)
incremental- in a series of amounts (возрастающий, поднимающийся)
steadily- монотонно, неуклонно, постоянно
to deliberate- хорошо обдуманный, размеренный
authoritarian- авторитарный
bargains- товары по сниженным женам
restrictive- ограниченный
incessant- беспрестанный, непрерывный
agenda- повестка дня
otherwise- иначе, иным способом
mounted- поднятый, приподнятый, установленный
capturing- захват, сбор
to penalize- карать законом, наказывать
supra-national limits- наднациональные ограничения(пределы)
to encroach- вторгаться, покушаться
agreements- соглашения
a beneficiary- a person or group who receives money, advantages, etc. as a result of something else (бенефициар)
failure- несостоятельность, неспособность, провал
complexe process- сложный процесс
imbalance- when two things which should be equal or are normally equal are not (дисбаланс)
misuse of- злоупотребление чем-то
to engage- быть обязанным, подвергаться риску
severe- строгий, суровый
indigenous- местный, врожденный
remote- отдаленный
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